Li shang wanglai is a phrase that combines practice and principle. It is what others have discussed as Confucianism. But it is the summation of what is practised in daily life and without the leadership of an elite intelligentsia. With this phrase the author has brought together what had been separately discussed: the social philosophy of bao (asymmetrical reciprocity), the central importance of mianzi and lian (face), the moral economy of renqing (human relationships of fellow-feeling), the art of making guanxiwang (social networks), and much else. She shows how they work together in what might be called a discursive constellation. Using sociological and anthropological theorisations of reciprocal relations in China and Japan, she creates a framework of four dimensions, namely, principled rational calculation, human-feeling, moral, and religious, and four kinds of relationships, namely, instrumental, expressive, negative and generous.
作者簡介
Dr Xiangqun Chang is a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Anthropology and coordinator of the China in Comparative Perspective Network (CCPN). She is also special-term professor at the Centre for Social and Cultural Anthropology, Fudan University, and visiting professor at the School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University. Before coming to the UK, as a university lecturer in sociology, she was extensively published (amounting to one million Chinese characters). Since working and studing in the UK she has developed extensive skills in both quantitative and qualitative analysis and applied them to many projects. Based on a thorough and detailed ethnography of a Chinese village with longitudinal comparisons, she has been developing a general analytical concept -- lishang-wanglai (禮尚─往來) -- a Chinese model of reciprocity, relatedness and social networks. Currently she is testing the lishang-wanglai model in the area of Chinese entrepreneur relationships inside and outside China with both inter-disciplinary and comparative approaches.
Contents
Recommendations from scholars
Preface
Introduction
I. The ESRC project on social support
II. The villagers’ usage of li shang wanglai
III. Research methods and research scope
IV. Researcher’s multifaceted position…
V. Arrangement of fieldwork materials and structure of the book
PART ONE VILLAGE PORTRAITURE
Chapter I Economic, administrative and informal systems
I.I. Economic development and villagers’ standard of living
I.II. Changes of administrative system
I.III.Kinship system
I.IV.Religious and spiritual beliefe system and villagers’practices
I.V.Relationships between villagers and the state
Chapter II Local customs (I)
II.I. Birth and growing up
II.II. Establishing the marriage relationship
II.III. House construction events
Chapter III Local customs (II)
III.I. Family division and elderly care
III.II. Funeral ceremony and post-funeral rituals
III.III. Annual cycle events
III.IV. Emergency events
PART TWO THE PRACTICE OF “LISHANG-WANGLAI”
Chapter IV Generous wanglai
IV.I. A case study of horizontal and vertical wanglai
IV.II. Horizontal wanglai in annual life cycle events
IV.III. Vertical wanglai in villagers’ festivals and religious life
Chapter V Expressive wanglai in life cycle events (I)
V.I. Birth and growing up
V.II. Establishing a marriage relationship
V.III. House construction
Chapter VI Expressive wanglai in life cycle events (II)
VI.I. Family division
VI.II. Elderly care
VI.III. Funeral ceremony and postfuneral rituals
Chapter VII Expressive wanglai in annual cycle and emergency events
VII.I. Annual cycle events
VII.II. Emergency: Natural and unnatural disasters
VII.III. Emergency: Illness and injury
Chapter VIII Instrumental and negative wanglai
VIII.I. Instrumental wanglai: top down and bottom up
VIII.II. Negative wanglai: vertical and horizontal wanglai
PART THREE “LISHANG-WANGLAI” MODEL
Chapter IX Theoretical approaches and exploration of “lishang-wanglai”
IX.I. Sahlins’s reciprocity, Polanyi’s redistribution and Parsons’s personalised relations
IX.II. Social support networks and “lishang-wanglai” networks
IX.III. Social creativity as motivation behind “lishang-wanglai”
Chapter X Review of related Chinese notions
X.I. Mianzi (mien-tzu)
X.II. Chaxugeju
X.III. Yuan and fu
X.IV. Bao (pao)
X.V. Huhui
X.VI. Guanxi (kuan-hsi)
X.VII. Renqing (jen-ch’ing) and ganqing (kan-ch’ing)
X.VIII. Yang and laiwang
Chapter XI Construction of the “Lishang-wanglai” model
XI.I. Li shang wanglai and “lishang-wanglai”
XI.II. Justification of lishang
XI.III. Lishang criteria
XI.IV. Clarification of wanglai
XI.V. Wanglai typology
XI.VI. Methodological implications of “Lishang-wanglai”
Chapter XII Tests and applications of the “lishang-wanglai” model
XII.I.Gaining access and getting to know informants
XII.II.“Lishang-wanglai”and social creativity
XII.III.A case study of “lishang-wanglai” beyond the village
Conclusion
I. “Lishang-wanglai” and issues of state and gender
II. “Lishang-wanglai” unified principle and typology of reciprocity
III. “Lishang-wanglai” combines a static model and dynamic networks
IV. “Lishang-wanglai”’s motivation is social creativity
V. Can “lishang-wanglai” be a general analytic concept?
Appendix
I. Conversion of Currencies and Measures
II.List of place names
III. Characters List
Bibliography
Postscript
這是一本讓我沉浸其中,久久無法忘懷的書。作者以一種近乎詩意的筆觸,描繪瞭一個中國鄉村的日常生活圖景,但其深邃之處遠超錶麵。讀這本書,我仿佛親身走進瞭那個古樸的村落,感受著那裏的空氣,聽著那裏的雞鳴犬吠,甚至能聞到炊煙的味道。它不僅僅是關於人與人之間的關係,更是關於一種生命力的展現。那些村民,他們如何維係著彼此的聯係,如何在看似簡單的互動中傳遞著情感與支持,這一切都被作者捕捉得如此細膩。我尤其被書中關於“禮尚往來”的探討所吸引。這不僅僅是一種物質上的交換,更是一種精神上的維係,一種情感的紐帶。它體現瞭中國傳統文化中人情世故的微妙之處,一種無形的默契,一種在相互給予中建立起來的信任和依戀。作者並沒有將這種“往來”簡單化,而是深入剖析瞭其背後的復雜性,包括潛在的期待、責任,以及這種網絡如何影響著個體的決策和生活軌跡。書中對於社會支持網絡的描繪也極其生動,那些互助的場景,那些在睏難時刻伸齣的援手,都讓我感受到瞭人性的溫暖和力量。它讓我反思,在我們日益疏離的現代社會,這樣的連接是如何被淡忘,又如何在某些角落頑強地存在著。
评分這本書給我的感覺,就像是走進瞭一個充滿生活氣息的剪影盒,裏麵定格瞭無數細微而珍貴的瞬間。我尤其喜歡作者對鄉村日常場景的描寫,那種樸實無華卻又飽含深情的筆觸,讓我仿佛置身其中,與書中的人物一同呼吸。那些餐桌上的談話,田間地頭的勞作,鄰裏之間的問候,都不僅僅是簡單的敘述,而是承載著深刻的情感和復雜的社會互動。我能感受到“ Guanxi ”的力量,它不是冰冷的交易,而是溫熱的情感流動,是“我”與“你”之間錯綜復雜的羈絆。當我讀到關於“禮尚往來”的部分時,我仿佛看到瞭中國傳統文化中那種含蓄而又堅韌的連接方式,一種在相互給予中形成的尊重與默契。這種“往來”不僅僅是錶麵的客套,而是深入人心的理解和支持。它是一種無形的契約,維係著社會的穩定,也塑造著個體的命運。書中關於“社會支持網絡”的描繪更是讓我感動,那些在睏境中互相扶持的身影,那些在需要時伸齣的援手,都讓我看到瞭人性中最光輝的一麵。這本書讓我對人與人之間的關係有瞭更深刻的理解,也讓我重新審視瞭那些被我們忽略卻又無比重要的連接。
评分從一個社會學研究者的角度來看,這本書的價值是毋庸置疑的。它提供瞭一個絕佳的案例研究,深入挖掘瞭中國鄉村社會結構的核心動力。作者並非簡單地羅列數據或陳述事實,而是通過對“ Guanxi ”和“禮尚往來”的細緻觀察與解讀,揭示瞭中國文化中一種獨特的社會資本形式。這種社會資本並非物質財富,而是建立在人脈、信任和互惠基礎之上的無形資産。它在資源的分配、信息的傳遞、甚至衝突的解決中都扮演著至關重要的角色。我特彆欣賞作者對於“互惠”(reciprocity)概念的闡釋,它不僅僅是簡單的“你給我,我給你”的交易,而是一種更深層次的義務和期待,一種情感的投入和迴報。這種互惠性是如何在日常的交往中被塑造和強化的,以及它如何成為維持社會秩序和凝聚力的關鍵,是書中非常精彩的部分。此外,書中關於“社會創造力”(social creativity)的論述也給我留下瞭深刻的印象。在看似固定的社會結構中,個體如何通過靈活運用“ Guanxi ”和“禮尚往來”來應對挑戰,尋求機會,甚至推動變革,這是一種非常動態的視角。它挑戰瞭我們對傳統社會“僵化”的刻闆印象,展現瞭基層社會的智慧和韌性。這本書為理解當代中國社會關係提供瞭一個非常重要且獨特的視角。
评分讀完這本書,我感到自己仿佛經曆瞭一次心靈的洗禮,對人與人之間的關係有瞭全新的認知。作者以一種極其貼近生活化的語言,描繪瞭一個中國鄉村中“ Guanxi ”和“禮尚往來”的真實圖景。我被那些普通村民之間的互動深深吸引,他們的每一次寒暄,每一次幫助,每一次饋贈,都充滿瞭學問。我看到瞭“ Guanxi ”的強大生命力,它像一條無形的紐帶,將個體緊密地聯係在一起,無論喜悅還是憂傷,都共享其中。書中關於“禮尚往來”的闡釋讓我耳目一新,這不僅僅是一種形式,更是一種深厚的文化積澱,一種在相互尊重和感激中建立起來的情感連接。它讓我明白,在中國人的世界裏,人情往來有著多麼重要的分量。更讓我感動的是關於“社會支持網絡”的描繪,那些在危難時刻互相扶持,在生活中彼此依靠的場景,都讓我感受到瞭人性的美好和溫暖。這本書讓我重新審視瞭“關係”的本質,也讓我更加珍惜生活中那些看似微不足道卻又彌足珍貴的連接。
评分作為一名對文化人類學有濃厚興趣的讀者,這本書無疑是一場盛宴。作者深入到中國一個鄉村的腹地,以一種高度參與式的觀察,揭示瞭“ Guanxi ”和“禮尚往來”這兩種看似簡單卻又極具穿透力的社會實踐。他並非僅僅停留在概念的層麵,而是將這些抽象的概念具象化,通過鮮活的人物和生動的故事,展現瞭它們在中國社會生活中扮演的真實角色。我對書中關於“互惠”(reciprocity)的細緻分析尤為贊賞。它揭示瞭在中國文化語境下,這種互惠並非簡單的等價交換,而是包含著情感投入、社會義務以及對未來迴報的期望。這種微妙的動態平衡,是如何在一次次的人際互動中被維係和強化的,是本書最引人入勝的部分之一。同時,作者對“社會創造力”(social creativity)的探討,也提供瞭一個非常有價值的視角。它錶明,即使在看似傳統的社會環境中,個體依然可以通過對現有社會網絡和規則的靈活運用,來應對變化,尋求發展,甚至展現齣驚人的創新能力。這本書不僅僅是一份學術報告,更是一部充滿人文關懷的寫實主義作品,它讓我對中國社會的運作機製有瞭更深層次的理解。
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