Li shang wanglai is a phrase that combines practice and principle. It is what others have discussed as Confucianism. But it is the summation of what is practised in daily life and without the leadership of an elite intelligentsia. With this phrase the author has brought together what had been separately discussed: the social philosophy of bao (asymmetrical reciprocity), the central importance of mianzi and lian (face), the moral economy of renqing (human relationships of fellow-feeling), the art of making guanxiwang (social networks), and much else. She shows how they work together in what might be called a discursive constellation. Using sociological and anthropological theorisations of reciprocal relations in China and Japan, she creates a framework of four dimensions, namely, principled rational calculation, human-feeling, moral, and religious, and four kinds of relationships, namely, instrumental, expressive, negative and generous.
作者简介
Dr Xiangqun Chang is a Visiting Fellow in the Department of Anthropology and coordinator of the China in Comparative Perspective Network (CCPN). She is also special-term professor at the Centre for Social and Cultural Anthropology, Fudan University, and visiting professor at the School of Humanities and Law, Northeastern University. Before coming to the UK, as a university lecturer in sociology, she was extensively published (amounting to one million Chinese characters). Since working and studing in the UK she has developed extensive skills in both quantitative and qualitative analysis and applied them to many projects. Based on a thorough and detailed ethnography of a Chinese village with longitudinal comparisons, she has been developing a general analytical concept -- lishang-wanglai (礼尚─往来) -- a Chinese model of reciprocity, relatedness and social networks. Currently she is testing the lishang-wanglai model in the area of Chinese entrepreneur relationships inside and outside China with both inter-disciplinary and comparative approaches.
Contents
Recommendations from scholars
Preface
Introduction
I. The ESRC project on social support
II. The villagers’ usage of li shang wanglai
III. Research methods and research scope
IV. Researcher’s multifaceted position…
V. Arrangement of fieldwork materials and structure of the book
PART ONE VILLAGE PORTRAITURE
Chapter I Economic, administrative and informal systems
I.I. Economic development and villagers’ standard of living
I.II. Changes of administrative system
I.III.Kinship system
I.IV.Religious and spiritual beliefe system and villagers’practices
I.V.Relationships between villagers and the state
Chapter II Local customs (I)
II.I. Birth and growing up
II.II. Establishing the marriage relationship
II.III. House construction events
Chapter III Local customs (II)
III.I. Family division and elderly care
III.II. Funeral ceremony and post-funeral rituals
III.III. Annual cycle events
III.IV. Emergency events
PART TWO THE PRACTICE OF “LISHANG-WANGLAI”
Chapter IV Generous wanglai
IV.I. A case study of horizontal and vertical wanglai
IV.II. Horizontal wanglai in annual life cycle events
IV.III. Vertical wanglai in villagers’ festivals and religious life
Chapter V Expressive wanglai in life cycle events (I)
V.I. Birth and growing up
V.II. Establishing a marriage relationship
V.III. House construction
Chapter VI Expressive wanglai in life cycle events (II)
VI.I. Family division
VI.II. Elderly care
VI.III. Funeral ceremony and postfuneral rituals
Chapter VII Expressive wanglai in annual cycle and emergency events
VII.I. Annual cycle events
VII.II. Emergency: Natural and unnatural disasters
VII.III. Emergency: Illness and injury
Chapter VIII Instrumental and negative wanglai
VIII.I. Instrumental wanglai: top down and bottom up
VIII.II. Negative wanglai: vertical and horizontal wanglai
PART THREE “LISHANG-WANGLAI” MODEL
Chapter IX Theoretical approaches and exploration of “lishang-wanglai”
IX.I. Sahlins’s reciprocity, Polanyi’s redistribution and Parsons’s personalised relations
IX.II. Social support networks and “lishang-wanglai” networks
IX.III. Social creativity as motivation behind “lishang-wanglai”
Chapter X Review of related Chinese notions
X.I. Mianzi (mien-tzu)
X.II. Chaxugeju
X.III. Yuan and fu
X.IV. Bao (pao)
X.V. Huhui
X.VI. Guanxi (kuan-hsi)
X.VII. Renqing (jen-ch’ing) and ganqing (kan-ch’ing)
X.VIII. Yang and laiwang
Chapter XI Construction of the “Lishang-wanglai” model
XI.I. Li shang wanglai and “lishang-wanglai”
XI.II. Justification of lishang
XI.III. Lishang criteria
XI.IV. Clarification of wanglai
XI.V. Wanglai typology
XI.VI. Methodological implications of “Lishang-wanglai”
Chapter XII Tests and applications of the “lishang-wanglai” model
XII.I.Gaining access and getting to know informants
XII.II.“Lishang-wanglai”and social creativity
XII.III.A case study of “lishang-wanglai” beyond the village
Conclusion
I. “Lishang-wanglai” and issues of state and gender
II. “Lishang-wanglai” unified principle and typology of reciprocity
III. “Lishang-wanglai” combines a static model and dynamic networks
IV. “Lishang-wanglai”’s motivation is social creativity
V. Can “lishang-wanglai” be a general analytic concept?
Appendix
I. Conversion of Currencies and Measures
II.List of place names
III. Characters List
Bibliography
Postscript
读完这本书,我感到自己仿佛经历了一次心灵的洗礼,对人与人之间的关系有了全新的认知。作者以一种极其贴近生活化的语言,描绘了一个中国乡村中“ Guanxi ”和“礼尚往来”的真实图景。我被那些普通村民之间的互动深深吸引,他们的每一次寒暄,每一次帮助,每一次馈赠,都充满了学问。我看到了“ Guanxi ”的强大生命力,它像一条无形的纽带,将个体紧密地联系在一起,无论喜悦还是忧伤,都共享其中。书中关于“礼尚往来”的阐释让我耳目一新,这不仅仅是一种形式,更是一种深厚的文化积淀,一种在相互尊重和感激中建立起来的情感连接。它让我明白,在中国人的世界里,人情往来有着多么重要的分量。更让我感动的是关于“社会支持网络”的描绘,那些在危难时刻互相扶持,在生活中彼此依靠的场景,都让我感受到了人性的美好和温暖。这本书让我重新审视了“关系”的本质,也让我更加珍惜生活中那些看似微不足道却又弥足珍贵的连接。
评分这是一本让我沉浸其中,久久无法忘怀的书。作者以一种近乎诗意的笔触,描绘了一个中国乡村的日常生活图景,但其深邃之处远超表面。读这本书,我仿佛亲身走进了那个古朴的村落,感受着那里的空气,听着那里的鸡鸣犬吠,甚至能闻到炊烟的味道。它不仅仅是关于人与人之间的关系,更是关于一种生命力的展现。那些村民,他们如何维系着彼此的联系,如何在看似简单的互动中传递着情感与支持,这一切都被作者捕捉得如此细腻。我尤其被书中关于“礼尚往来”的探讨所吸引。这不仅仅是一种物质上的交换,更是一种精神上的维系,一种情感的纽带。它体现了中国传统文化中人情世故的微妙之处,一种无形的默契,一种在相互给予中建立起来的信任和依恋。作者并没有将这种“往来”简单化,而是深入剖析了其背后的复杂性,包括潜在的期待、责任,以及这种网络如何影响着个体的决策和生活轨迹。书中对于社会支持网络的描绘也极其生动,那些互助的场景,那些在困难时刻伸出的援手,都让我感受到了人性的温暖和力量。它让我反思,在我们日益疏离的现代社会,这样的连接是如何被淡忘,又如何在某些角落顽强地存在着。
评分作为一名对文化人类学有浓厚兴趣的读者,这本书无疑是一场盛宴。作者深入到中国一个乡村的腹地,以一种高度参与式的观察,揭示了“ Guanxi ”和“礼尚往来”这两种看似简单却又极具穿透力的社会实践。他并非仅仅停留在概念的层面,而是将这些抽象的概念具象化,通过鲜活的人物和生动的故事,展现了它们在中国社会生活中扮演的真实角色。我对书中关于“互惠”(reciprocity)的细致分析尤为赞赏。它揭示了在中国文化语境下,这种互惠并非简单的等价交换,而是包含着情感投入、社会义务以及对未来回报的期望。这种微妙的动态平衡,是如何在一次次的人际互动中被维系和强化的,是本书最引人入胜的部分之一。同时,作者对“社会创造力”(social creativity)的探讨,也提供了一个非常有价值的视角。它表明,即使在看似传统的社会环境中,个体依然可以通过对现有社会网络和规则的灵活运用,来应对变化,寻求发展,甚至展现出惊人的创新能力。这本书不仅仅是一份学术报告,更是一部充满人文关怀的写实主义作品,它让我对中国社会的运作机制有了更深层次的理解。
评分从一个社会学研究者的角度来看,这本书的价值是毋庸置疑的。它提供了一个绝佳的案例研究,深入挖掘了中国乡村社会结构的核心动力。作者并非简单地罗列数据或陈述事实,而是通过对“ Guanxi ”和“礼尚往来”的细致观察与解读,揭示了中国文化中一种独特的社会资本形式。这种社会资本并非物质财富,而是建立在人脉、信任和互惠基础之上的无形资产。它在资源的分配、信息的传递、甚至冲突的解决中都扮演着至关重要的角色。我特别欣赏作者对于“互惠”(reciprocity)概念的阐释,它不仅仅是简单的“你给我,我给你”的交易,而是一种更深层次的义务和期待,一种情感的投入和回报。这种互惠性是如何在日常的交往中被塑造和强化的,以及它如何成为维持社会秩序和凝聚力的关键,是书中非常精彩的部分。此外,书中关于“社会创造力”(social creativity)的论述也给我留下了深刻的印象。在看似固定的社会结构中,个体如何通过灵活运用“ Guanxi ”和“礼尚往来”来应对挑战,寻求机会,甚至推动变革,这是一种非常动态的视角。它挑战了我们对传统社会“僵化”的刻板印象,展现了基层社会的智慧和韧性。这本书为理解当代中国社会关系提供了一个非常重要且独特的视角。
评分这本书给我的感觉,就像是走进了一个充满生活气息的剪影盒,里面定格了无数细微而珍贵的瞬间。我尤其喜欢作者对乡村日常场景的描写,那种朴实无华却又饱含深情的笔触,让我仿佛置身其中,与书中的人物一同呼吸。那些餐桌上的谈话,田间地头的劳作,邻里之间的问候,都不仅仅是简单的叙述,而是承载着深刻的情感和复杂的社会互动。我能感受到“ Guanxi ”的力量,它不是冰冷的交易,而是温热的情感流动,是“我”与“你”之间错综复杂的羁绊。当我读到关于“礼尚往来”的部分时,我仿佛看到了中国传统文化中那种含蓄而又坚韧的连接方式,一种在相互给予中形成的尊重与默契。这种“往来”不仅仅是表面的客套,而是深入人心的理解和支持。它是一种无形的契约,维系着社会的稳定,也塑造着个体的命运。书中关于“社会支持网络”的描绘更是让我感动,那些在困境中互相扶持的身影,那些在需要时伸出的援手,都让我看到了人性中最光辉的一面。这本书让我对人与人之间的关系有了更深刻的理解,也让我重新审视了那些被我们忽略却又无比重要的连接。
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