The International Health Regulations 2005 entered into force in 2007. The Regulations are one of the most important instruments in the history of public health administration. They create new mechanisms to enhance individual and cooperative efforts of countries to deal with infectious diseases. The book explains the theoretical and practical background of the new Regulations and discusses the disease control regime under the Regulations. Policy makers of health matters, public health workers and researchers (including scholars and students) in the fields of public health as well as international health law or political science would benefit from this book.
WHO在2005年通过新的「国际卫生条例」(IHR),并在2007年生效。该条例系国际公共卫生历史上最重要的规范。该条例创设新的机制,以强化个别国家处理属于「国际关切的公共卫生紧急事件」的传染病的义务与能力,也强化国际合作,以共同处理与控制此种传染病的扩散。本书解释新的国际卫生条例的理论与实务背景,并完整讨论该条例之下的疾病控制机制。卫生事务的决策者、公共卫生从业人员、公卫领域及国际卫生法与政治学领域的研究者及学生,应均可由阅读此书而获益。
CHAPTER 1
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH AND THE RIGHT TO HEALTH
1.The Concept of Health
2.The Concept of International Health Matters
3.The Recognition of a Human Right to Health
4.Controlling Infectious Diseases Being an Obligation to Protect the Right to Health
CHAPTER 2
INTERNATIONAL HEALTH INSTRUMENTS PIOR TO IHR (2005)
1.The Legislative Power of WHO
2.The Age Prior to the Enactment of the IHR (1969)
3. The Enactment of the IHR (1969)
4. Some Features of the IHR (1969)
5. Achievements and Problems with the IHR (1969)
CHAPTER 3
FROM IHR (1969) TO IHR (2005)
1.The Need to Respond More Actively to the Trend of Globalization and to Make IHR More Effective
2. Decisions on the Revision of the IHR
3. Different Drafts before the Final Version
4. Particular Areas of Improvement and Their Implications
5. The Adoption of the IHR (2005) and Early Voluntary Compliance
6. Purpose and the Scope of IHR (2005)
CHAPTER 4
THE SOVEREIGNTY CLAUSE AND ITS IMPLEMENTATION
1. The Sovereignty Clause Serving as a Guiding Principle
2. The Interaction between International Health and Sovereignty
3. The Need of Giving Less Weight to Sovereign Power
4. Proper Interpretation of Article 3, paragraph 4
5. U.N. Charter and WHO Constitution Serving as Guidance
CHAPTER 5
IMPLEMENTATION PRINCIPLES: THE RESPECT OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND THE PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY
1.Respecting Human Right and Human Dignity as an Implementing Principle
2.Other IHR (2005) Provisions Supporting Human Rights
3.Public Health Measures Affecting Human Rights
4.Balancing between Human Rights and the Adoption of Health Measures to Infringe Human Rights
5.Universal Application as an Implementing Principle
6.The Relations between the Universal Application and Other Paragraphs in Article 3
7. Future Implementation of the Universal Application
CHAPTER 6
PUBLIC HEALTH EMERGENCY OF INTERNATIONAL CONCERN
1.Different Kinds of Diseases
2.The Identification of Infectious Disease to Trigger the Measures: the Meaning of “Public Health Emergency of International Concern”
3.Method of Treating these Diseases under the IHR (2005)
4.The Decision Instrument
5.Example: the Novel Influenza in 2009 as a Public Health Emergency of International Concern
6.Negative Examples: Applying the Decision Instrument to HIV/AIDS and XDR-TB
CHAPTER 7
NATIONAL FOCAL POINTS AND WHO CONTACT POINT
1. Designation of National IHR Focal Points (NFP)
2.“National IHR Focal Point Guide”
3. WHO IHR Contact Point
CHAPTER 8
IMPROVING PREPAREDNESS THROUGH STRENGTHENING NATIONALINFRASTRUCTURE: CORE CAPACITIES OF STATE PARTIES
1. Capacity to Detect, Assess, Notify and Report PHEICs
2. Capacity to Respond Public Health Risks
CHAPTER 9
SURVEILLANCE AND RESPONSE MECHANISMS UNDER IHR (2005)
1.Institutional Arrangement for the Interaction between State Parties and WHO
2. Information Processing Stage
3. Decision Making Stage
4. Response Stage
5. Response Resources Administered by WHO
6.Institutional Arrangement within WHO: Roster of Experts, the Emergency Committee and the Review Committee
CHAPTER 10
RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Criteria for both Temporary and Standing Recommendations
2. Temporary Recommendation
3. Standing Recommendation
4. “Pandemic Influenza Preparedness and Response Guidance”
5. Recommendations with respect to persons, baggage, cargo, containers, conveyances, goods and postal parcels
CHAPTER 11
POINTS OF ENTRY
1. General obligations
2.The Designation of Airports and Ports
3.Ship Sanitation Control Exemption Certificates and Ship Sanitation Control Certificates
4. Ground Crossings
5. Role of Competent Authorities of Points of Entry
CHAPTER 12
PUBLIC HEALTH MEASURES
1. General Rules Concerning Health Measures on Arrival and Departure
2. Special Provisions for Conveyances and Conveyance Operators
3. Special Provisions for Travellers
4. Special Provisions for Goods, Containers and Container Loading Areas
CHAPTER 13
HEALTH DOCUMENTS, CHARGES AND IMPLEMENTATION OF HEALTH MEASURES
1. Health Documents
2. Charges
3. Implementation of Health Measures
4. Collaboration
5. Treatment of Personal Data
6. Treatment of Biological Substances
CHAPTER 14
RELEASE OF BIOLOGICAL, CHEMICAL AGENTS OR RADIONUCLEAR MATERIAL AND IHR (2005)
1.Diseases Caused by Intentional Release of Biochemical Materials: Bioterrorism
2. International Efforts in Dealing with Bioterrorism
3.WHO Decisions in the Areas of Biological or Chemical Agents and Radio-nuclear Materials
4.Debates about Whether to Include Diseases Caused by Biological, Chemistry and Radio-nuclear Materials
5.Natures of Diseases Arising from Bioterrorism and Those of Natural Epidemics
6. Bioterrorism under IHR (2005)
CHAPTER 15
RELATIONS WITH OTHER TREATIES, STATE PARTIES, DISPUTE SETTLEMENT AND ENTRY INTO FORCE
1. Compatibility with Other International Agreements
2. Special Treaties between Particular State Parties
3. State Parties
4. Making a Rejection
5. Making Reservations
6. Various Reservations and Declarations
7. Withdrawal of Rejection or Reservations
8. A State not a Member of WHO to Become a State Party of the IHR (2005)
9. DG’s Notification of the Adoption and Amendments of IHR (2005)
10. Ensuring the Implementation and Compliance of the IHR (2005)
11. Amendments
12. Dispute Settlement
INDEX
PREFACE
The new International Health Regulations (IHR) were adopted in 2005 and entered into force in 2007 against the background of SARS occurred in 2003. The adoption and implementation of the IHR (2005) marks a very important step in the enhancement of international cooperation on the control of infectious diseases. From the experience of the novel flu in 2009, it has been proven that the Regulations are an effective framework for countries to engage in cooperative efforts in confining and preventing such diseases. The book explains the theoretical and practical background of the Regulations and discusses the disease control regime under the Regulations.
Policy makers of health matters would have to know the background of enacting the Regulations, the operation of the disease control mechanism and the technicalities of applying the Regulations, so as to formulate their policies consistent with the principles embodied in the Regulations. The book provides a comprehensive basis for such purpose.
The control of infectious diseases is a main part of public health matters and should be the core component of researches for scholars and students in this field. The book could provide them with necessary knowledge in the operational aspects of the Regulations as well as the legal aspects of interpreting and applying the Regulations.
Researchers and students of international health law or political science who are interested in international health law should also equip themselves with the knowledge of the IHR (2005). The book is of assistance to them by providing theoretical and practical discussions on various legal and political issues concerning the control mechanisms of infectious diseases.
This is the first volume of the newly launched Asian Center for WTO and International Health Law and Policy Book Series. With the help of my colleagues at the center, it is hoped that there will be a lot more to be published under this series. The author would like to express his special thanks, on his own behalf and on behalf of the Center, to Professor Kevin Lin, who is an adjunct professor of our university and also teaches at Shin-Chien University Industrial Design Department. He volunteers to help us in designing the cover for the book series.
Chang-fa Lo
Asian Center for WTO and International Health Law and Policy, National Taiwan University College of Law
这本书,光是书名《A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005):A New Charter for Global Health Matters》,就足以让人对其内容充满好奇,尤其是对于我们身处台湾,长期以来在国际卫生议题上扮演着特殊角色的读者来说。国际卫生条例 (IHR) 2005年版,是全球公共卫生领域的一部关键性法律框架,它规定了各国在应对跨国界疾病爆发时的责任和义务。然而,对于许多人来说,IHR的条文可能显得晦涩难懂,其背后的深意和实际应用也常被笼罩在专业术语之下。我一直对这本书的评论部分很感兴趣,特别是作者如何解读“2005年版”这个重要的节点,以及它如何被视为“全球健康事务的新章程”。这是否意味着它带来了前所未有的变革?它如何重塑了各国在流行病防控、信息共享、资源调配等方面的互动模式?对于像台湾这样,在加入世界卫生组织(WHO)体系方面面临着政治障碍,却又必须积极参与全球公共卫生治理的地区而言,理解IHR的精髓,以及如何在其框架内发挥作用,是至关重要的。我期待这本书能够深入剖析IHR的每一个关键条款,并提供具体的案例分析,说明其在过去十几年中的实际运行效果,以及可能存在的不足之处。作者是否探讨了IHR在应对新型传染病(如COVID-19)时的有效性,以及它在信息透明度、早期预警机制、以及资源分配公平性方面所面临的挑战?这些都是我迫切想要了解的部分。
评分老实说,光看《A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005):A New Charter for Global Health Matters》这个标题,就让我眼睛一亮。虽然我不是法律或公共卫生领域的专业人士,但身为一个关心时事的台湾公民,近年来面对全球性的疫情,对于各国如何协作、信息如何流通,一直是我的关注点。国际卫生条例(IHR)2005年版,听起来就像是国际社会在公共卫生领域的一套“游戏规则”,而这本书的出现,似乎就是要把这套规则讲得更明白、更透彻。我特别好奇作者是如何看待“A New Charter for Global Health Matters”这个副标题的。是不是说,2005年的修订,标志着全球卫生治理进入了一个新的阶段?在这个阶段,各国之间的合作模式、责任分工,甚至是“全球健康”的定义,都发生了根本性的改变?我希望这本书能够跳脱枯燥的法律条文,用更贴近生活、更容易理解的方式,来解读IHR的条文内容。例如,它如何规定了各国必须向世界卫生组织(WHO)报告疫情信息?在信息传递的链条中,又有哪些潜在的风险或障碍?这本书是否会深入探讨,IHR在实际操作中,例如在边境管制、旅行限制、以及医疗物资调配等方面,具体扮演了什么样的角色?对于我们台湾来说,如何在复杂的国际政治环境下,有效对接并履行IHR的要求,这本书的解读或许能提供一些启发性的思考。
评分《A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005):A New Charter for Global Health Matters》,光是这个书名就充满了学究气,但我相信它背后蕴含着深刻的洞察。对于在台湾的我们来说,国际卫生议题从来都不是遥远的理论,而是切身相关的现实。2005年的国际卫生条例,听起来就像是全球公共卫生领域的“宪法”,而这本书的评论,则像是对这部宪法进行的逐条解读和精神阐释。我非常期待作者能深入剖析,这部“2005年版”究竟“新”在何处?它如何区别于之前的版本,又为全球健康治理带来了哪些突破性的理念和机制?“A New Charter for Global Health Matters”这个副标题,暗示着它不仅仅是一部法规的注释,更可能是一次对全球健康协作模式的全新定义。这本书是否会详细解释,IHR是如何构建一个全球性的监测和预警网络,以及各国在其中应承担的责任?它是否会探讨,在面对突发公共卫生事件时,IHR如何协调各国之间的信息共享、资源动员,以及必要时的援助机制?对于台湾而言,身处国际体系的边缘,如何在这套全球性的框架下找到自己的位置,并在其中发挥积极作用,这是我一直思考的问题。这本书的评论,若能提供一些实际操作的建议,或者分析IHR在实际案例中的应用与挑战,那将是非常宝贵的。
评分我必须说,《A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005):A New Charter for Global Health Matters》这个书名,立刻勾起了我浓厚的兴趣。作为一个对国际事务有一定关注的台湾读者,我深知国际卫生条例(IHR)在维护全球公共卫生安全方面的重要性。2005年的修订,无疑是IHR发展历程中的一个重要里程碑,而这本书的评论,就如同为我们揭示了这个新时代的面貌。我特别好奇作者是如何诠释“A New Charter for Global Health Matters”的。它是否意味着IHR 2005版奠定了更加强有力的国际合作基础?它在哪些方面重新定义了“全球健康”的概念,以及各国在其中所扮演的角色?我希望这本书能够深入浅出地解读IHR的各项关键条款,例如关于疫情报告、风险评估、以及应对措施等方面的规定,并且能够结合实际案例,说明这些条款在过去十几年中是如何被执行的。对于台湾这样一个面临特殊国际政治地位的地区,如何有效对接并参与到IHR所构建的全球卫生治理体系中,是一个长期存在的挑战。这本书的评论,是否会触及到类似我们这样的地区在执行IHR时可能遇到的实际困难,并提出一些建设性的思考?例如,在信息透明度、资源共享、以及国际组织的支持等方面,是否存在值得我们借鉴或改进的空间?
评分《A Commentary on the International Health Regulations (2005):A New Charter for Global Health Matters》这个书名,乍一听或许有些严肃,但它所触及的主题,对于我们这些在台湾、时刻关注全球变化的读者来说,却无比重要。国际卫生条例(IHR)2005年版,我理解它就像是全球公共卫生领域的一份“行为准则”,而这本书,就是对这份准则的深度解析。我尤其对“A New Charter for Global Health Matters”这句话感到好奇。这是否意味着,2005年的版本,在原有基础上,为全球健康事务开启了一个全新的篇章?它在国际合作、疾病监测、信息共享以及应对突发事件等方面,究竟带来了哪些实质性的变革?我非常期待这本书能够将IHR复杂的法律条文,转化为易于理解的论述,并辅以生动的案例,让我们看到这些规定如何在现实世界中运作。例如,它如何指导各国在疫情初期做出反应?在疫情蔓延时,如何促进跨国界的合作与协调?对于我们台湾来说,如何在复杂的国际政治情势下,积极履行IHR的义务,并从中争取最大的合作空间,一直是一个重要的课题。这本书的评论,若能提供一些关于IHR在实际操作层面的解读,或者分析其在应对不同类型疫情时的有效性,那将是对我们非常有价值的参考。
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