Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

简体网页||繁体网页

☆☆☆☆☆

图书标签:

• 人类学
• 生物伦理
• 基因学
• 优生学
• 科学史
• 社会史
• 宗教
• 创造论
• 进化论
• 医学史

　　Crafting humans'--and its corollary human enhancement-- is a contested topic, both in medical sciences and the humanities. With continuing advances in science and technology, scientists and the general public alike are aware that the basic foundations of the human condition are now at stake. This volume contributes to this growing body of work. It offers insights into some of the reflections and imaginaries that have inspired and legitimated both theoretical and practical programmes for 'crafting' humans, ranging from the religious/spiritualist and the philosophical/cultural to the secular and the scientific/scientistic; from the mystical quest for human perfection to the biopolitical eugenic state of the twentieth century, and current genetic theories of human enhancement. This volume discusses these topics in a synchronized way, as interrelated variants of the most central story in history, that of human perfectibility.

作者简介

Marius Turda

　　Marius Turda is Reader in Central and Eastern European Biomedicine, Oxford Brookes University, and irector of the Cantemir Institute, at the University of Oxford. His current areas of research are mainly history of ideas and medicine, with a particular focus on eugenics, biopolitics, and race. Recent publications include Modernism and Eugenics (Palgrave, 2010), Health, Hygiene and Eugenics in Southeastern Europe to 1945 (CEU Press, 2011), and Re-Contextualising East Central European History: Nation, Culture and Minority Groups (Legenda, 2010). At the moment he is completing a history of Hungarian eugenics to be published by Palgrave and a monograph on race and modernity to be published by Continuum.

人类创造的迷思：从神话到未来工程 一部跨越时空的宏大叙事，探索人类自我塑造的永恒冲动 书名： The Forging of Being: Myths, Machines, and the Architected Self 作者： [虚构作者姓名，例如：Anya Sharma, Elias Vance] --- 简介： 《人类创造的迷思：神话、机器与被设计的自我》并非聚焦于生物工程的特定技术路径，而是深入挖掘人类文明史上一个核心且挥之不去的主题：我们如何理解和追求“创造”或“完善”人类自身这一概念。 本书构建了一个横跨数千年、融合了哲学、人类学、艺术史、以及前沿科技理论的广阔框架，旨在揭示人类对“理想存在”的渴望如何驱动了从远古的创世神话到现代的认知科学革命。我们不是在讨论基因编辑的伦理，而是探讨为什么我们如此迫切地想要编辑——无论是通过信仰、教育、还是技术手段。 第一部分：原初的蓝图与信仰的塑造（The Mythic Blueprint） 本部分追溯了人类“被设计”的早期叙事，这些叙事为后世所有的技术干预奠定了心理和文化基础。 第一章：泥土与呼吸：神话中的生命赋形 我们从美索不达米亚的泥板、古埃及的欧西里斯神话，以及亚伯拉罕诸教的创世故事开始。这里的“创造”是神圣意志的体现，是人类对自身脆弱性和有限性的终极回应。重点在于分析这些叙事如何定义了“人性”的初始状态（the baseline），以及打破这种状态所带来的神圣惩罚或解放的文化恐惧。 第二章：柏拉图的洞穴与灵魂的驯化 转向古希腊的哲学思辨，我们探讨了理性主义如何试图取代神性作为塑造人类心智的蓝图。从柏拉图对“理想国”公民的教育规范，到亚里士多德对“德性”的实践定义，这标志着从“被赋予的生命”向“通过教育和哲学训练实现的生命”的首次重大范式转移。人类不再仅仅是神灵的造物，而是自我完善的潜在艺术家。 第三章：中世纪的炼金术与内在的转化 炼金术（Alchemy）在这里被重新解读，并非仅仅是追求点石成金的化学尝试，而是对“人类完美形态”的隐秘追求。它代表了一种将“卑劣的物质”（未开化的心智或不完美的肉体）通过试炼和提纯转化为“黄金般的自我”的执念。我们考察了中世纪神秘主义和早期科学萌芽中的这种双重目标：物质的转化与精神的升华。 第二部分：启蒙的机器与社会工程（The Enlightenment Engine） 随着科学革命的兴起，人类创造自身的驱动力从神圣领域转移到了世俗的、可量化的领域。 第四章：理性的棱镜：教育作为模具 启蒙运动的核心是将人类视为一块可以被理性雕琢的璞玉。这一章详细分析了从洛克到卢梭的教育理论，这些理论旨在系统性地消除“非理性”的偏见，塑造出符合新兴资本主义和民主社会要求的公民。教育机构（学校、军校）被视为第一个大规模的、旨在统一人类行为和思想的“社会工程”工具。 第五章：机器的隐喻与生命的机械论 17世纪至19世纪，笛卡尔的机械论哲学占据主导地位，人体被视为一台精密的机器。我们探讨了这种思维如何影响了早期医学、生理学，甚至艺术（如自动人偶的流行）。如果生命是机械的，那么它就可以被理解、分解、修复，乃至重新设计。重点在于分析这种还原论思维如何为后来的技术干预铺平了道路，尽管此时的技术主要集中在外部环境的优化。 第六章：效率的至高无上：泰勒制与行为的标准化 进入工业时代，对“完美工人”的追求达到了高潮。泰勒的科学管理法（Taylorism）将劳动流程的优化推向极致，实际上是对人类行为的细致“工程化”。本书将泰勒主义视为一种早期的、非生物性的“人类优化”运动，它试图通过外部结构控制来消除生产中的“随机性”和“低效的人性”。 第三部分：认知的重塑与未来的边界（The Reshaping of Cognition） 最后一部分转向20世纪至今，探讨人类如何试图从内部改变自身，以及这种尝试所带来的深刻哲学后果。 第七章：心灵的地图：心理学与身份的解构 二十世纪的心理学革命，尤其是精神分析和行为主义，是对“内在自我”进行深度挖掘和重塑的尝试。弗洛伊德试图揭示潜意识的“原始材料”，而行为主义则试图用外部刺激来“重写”个体的反应模式。本书将这些心理学流派视为对“本能”蓝图的第一次大规模“软件更新”尝试，质疑我们是否拥有一个固定不变的“核心自我”。 第八章：虚拟的自我：模拟与体验的重构 随着信息技术的发展，人类开始在数字领域构建替代性的存在。本章探讨了虚拟现实、身份的在线构建（Avatars），以及我们如何通过互联网社区来“试验”不同的社会角色和认知模式。这是一种“去物质化”的创造冲动：如果肉体受限，那么我们就创造一个可以在数字维度上自由演化的、新的自己。 第九章：超越人类：工具与延伸的界限 本书的收尾部分着眼于当前对“后人类”状态的理论思辨。它不关注任何特定的生物技术，而是讨论技术工具（从简单的眼镜到复杂的神经接口）如何逐渐成为我们感官和认知系统不可分割的一部分。我们不是在“创造”新的人类，而是在不断地集成工具，使我们已知的“人性”边界变得模糊不清。我们最终的创造物，或许不是一个新物种，而是我们自己与工具的永恒融合。 结语：永恒的“未完成”状态 《人类创造的迷思》的最终结论是：人类的本质并非一个被完成的蓝图，而是一个持续的、充满张力的“创造过程”。从泥土到代码，我们对完善的追求从未停止，但这追求本身，才是定义我们物种的核心特征。 --- 关键词： 人性哲学、技术人类学、认知进化、文化史、理想形态、社会工程、自我设计。

Preface and Acknowledgements

Frank Ankersmit
Aftermaths and “Foremaths”: History and Humans

Moshe Idel
Crafting a Golem: the Creation of an Artificial Anthropoid

Antonis Liakos
The End of History as the Liminality of the Human Condition: From Kojeve to Agamben

Roger Griffin
Bio-nomic Man (and Woman): Fantasies of Anthropological Revolution as a Reaction to Modernity’s Nomic Crisis

MerrynEkberg
Eugenics: Past, Present, and Future

Marius Turda
Crafting a Healthy Nation: European Eugenics in Historical Contex

Maria Sophia Quine
Making Italians: Aryanism and Anthropology in Italy during the Risorgimento

Alison Bashford
Julian Huxley’s Transhumanism

List of Contributors

Bibliography

Index of Names

序

　　This volume is based partly on papers presented at the Berendel Foundation’s
second annual conference held at Queen’s College, Oxford between 8 and 10
September 2011. The conference benefitted from the generous financial support
of the Berendel Foundation and the Wellcome Trust (Grant no. 096561). I am
grateful to these two institutions and to the participants for making the conference
the success that was.

　　Crafting humans’ – and its corollary human enhancement – is a contested
topic, both in medical sciences and the humanities.With continuing advances in
science and technology, scientists and the general public alike are aware that the
basic foundations of the human condition are now at stake. This is amply evidenced
in the ‘Superhuman’ exhibition (19 July–16 October 2012) at the
Wellcome Collection in London. One important message of this exhibition is that
the human body could be changed and transformed through the enhancement of
basic physical and mental capacities. Yet, the current discussion of human enhancement
– as illustrated by the specialists invited to contribute and whose
opinions have been recorded for the exhibition – has largely ignored the (pre-)
history of theories of social and biological improvement. The biological malleability
of the ‘human’ is something that is now taken for granted but this volume
questions this aptitude to change and improve humans, highlighting three
critical aspects: the role of religion; the importance of historical time and the
corporeality of historical subjects, like races, nations and societies. Despite the
rapid growth of interest in the interconnectedness of technological progress,
biomedical sciences and ethics, alongside the health benefits of recent discoveries
in genetics and genomics, discussing current theories of human enhancement
within their historical, religious, philosophical, and cultural contexts,
from Antiquity onwards, remains yet to be achieved. In the decisive debates
over the excesses and disastrous effects of human dreams of perfectibility
(particularly since the Holocaust), the problematic connotations of ‘crafting
humans’ are ever present. And if this prompts us to be more careful when
discussing the intellectual sources of contemporary technologies of human
improvement, than it is crucial that we take such claims seriously. Understanding
the human must, therefore, be as much a form of moral introspection
and historical responsibility as a quest for scientific knowledge and adaptability
to technological progress.

　　This volume is but a modest contribution to this growing body of work. To
some extent, it complements the Wellcome exhibition on the ‘Superhuman’ by
considering the historical, ethical, and philosophical questions raised by the
project of crafting and enhancement. The chapters included here offer insights
into some of the reflections and imaginaries that have inspired and legitimated
both theoretical and practical programmes for ‘crafting’ humans, ranging from
the religious/spiritualist and the philosophical/cultural, to the secular and the
scientific/scientistic; from the mystical quest for human perfection, to the biopolitical
eugenic state of the twentieth century, and current genetic theories of
human enhancement. While vast bodies of scholarship have been devoted to
each of these individual topics, this volume discusses them in a synchronized
way, as interrelated variants of the most central story in history, that of human
perfectibility.

　　Above and beyond these general comments, there are some specific aknowledgements
that I would like to make. Firstly, for permission to reproduce the
photo on the cover, I am grateful to theWellcome Library, London. Secondly, due
to unforeseen circumstances Sorin Antohi could not join me in editing this
volume. However, my discussions with him about ‘crafting humans’ have been
inspiring and he has left a last inprint upon this volume. As such, I am grateful
for his unfailing support and encouragment. Thirdly, this volume would not
exist without the editorial support and occasional stylistic veto of Stephen
Byrne. This is certainly a better book as a result of our collaboration. Finally, the
volume is dedicated to Yehuda Elkana, who unfortunately passed away as this
volume was prepared for publication. His illness precluded him from submitting
his contribution but his complicitous humor and critical acumen, displayed so
vividly during the conference, are not forgotten. He was a great scholar and a
true friend.

London, 10 October 2012 Marius Turda

书摘1

Crafting a Healthy Nation: European Eugenics in Historical Context --Marius Turda The scholarship on eugenics has long been fragmented: until recently there has been relatively little cross-fertilization between work in the history of science, sociology, anthropology and other disciplines in the humanities. Research has also been fragmented along geographical lines: with relatively little comparative work undertaken and little awareness shown of the regional variations in understandings and configurations that characterized the reception of eugenic ideas in Europe and beyond. The last two decades have, however, seen an increasing number of attempts to redress these omissions. Such that, even those scholars of eugenics who are not comparativists, per se, have become increasingly aware of the broad spectrumof variations, in social, national, and gendered organizations, as well as cultural settings and political expressions, that can be encompassed within the field. This awareness, in turn, has informed the ways in which they describe eugenics, pose questions, and formulate answers.

This growing body of scholarship has reframed the study of eugenics in
broader and more integrated terms, generating a new direction of research that
is interdisciplinary and multi-factorial. The historiography on eugenics is finally
‘catching up’ with the main problems addressed by current debates, not only in
the medical humanities and bioethics, but also in broad historical fields like
sexuality, inequality, and disability. What is now emerging is a synthetic and
critical perspective, which, on the one hand, assesses the relationship between
eugenics and various political ideologies and cultural regimes, while, on the
other, shows how eugenics has provided some of the practical and conceptual
tools necessary for constructing the bio-technologically informed worldview
and ethics cultivated today. But, a crucial question remains unanswered: how
can this geographical and conceptual diversity be brought together into a normative
historical reading of both national and international histories of eugenics?

书摘2

Making Italians: Aryanism and Anthropology in Italy during the Risorgimento
Maria Sophia Quine

‘Italy is made; now we must make Italians.’
(Piedmontese Prime Minister, Massimo D’Azeglio, in 1860)

Aryan race theory was one of modern Europe’s most famous and pervasive myths of origin and descent. As the Prometheus of modern nations, states, and empires, Aryan Man was European Man personified. The quest to uncover the genealogy of Homo Europaeus captivated many people, working in many different European countries, for well over a century. For a long time, one of the idée-fixes in the scholarship about European science and culture was that Aryanism had no impact in nineteenth-century Italy. Mythologies about ancestral races emanating from foreign countries simply had no allure for Italians, Léon Poliakov argued in his pioneering work on the subject.1 Historians have begun to remedy this view in recent years. The primary focus of this new body of literature on Aryanism and racism has been the 1880s –1940s. However, an Italian or “Italo-Aryan” race was not “discovered”, or “invented”, for the first time at the end of the nineteenth century. Furthermore, Italian Aryanismand racism, under both liberalism and fascism, should not be seen solely as a function of meridionalism, imperialism, or ‘othering’ (Jews, Africans, or Southerners).

The new historiography of the Risorgimento should take heed of these for it has a tendency to see Italy as a museum piece and “the nation” as an edifice constructed solely by monuments, idols, and art. In its fixation on the heroic poetry, bel canto, pageantry, and painting of the long nineteenth century, the ‘new’ Risorgimento scholarship has largely ignored a vital part of the history of the ‘making’ of Italians. If historians wish to operate within rigid ‘canons’, science should be allowed entry into it and placed alongside the arts in a pan theon of patriotism. The ‘great’ men of Italian nineteenth-century anthropology comprised the triumvirate of Nicolucci, Mantegazza, and Sergi, who all produced ‘great’ works of fantasy, ‘fact’, and ‘fiction’ about the nation. According to the reasoning of some Italianists, however, their works shared more in common with the ‘German tradition’ of thinking about the nation in racial, biological, and ethnic terms than it did with the more familiar Italian style of nationalism derived from the straight-forwardly political ideas of Mazzini, Cavour, and Cattaneo. Italian ethno-anthropology operated within the domain of the discursive and the mental, which is the prime object of study of the so-called ‘cultural constructivists’. But it also became professionalized and institutionalized in the nineteenth-century, as it proffered itself to liberals in government as the premier public science. As it embedded itself in the bourgeois culture of universities and élites, it sought to be a part of the broader process of nation-building. The new ethno-anthropology did not see Italians as museum pieces, forever frozen on the page or the canvas in ritualized Roman salutes or stylized postures of self-sacrifice in battle. Rather, the three racial scientists that comprised the Holy Trinity of Italian anthropology viewed Italians as a work in progress, a living, organic mass of bones, bodies, and brains to be skilfully crafted into a popolo-nazione. Furthermore, they were all real patriots whose works aimed to fire the ‘hearts and minds’ of their fellowItalians. Beginning with Nicolucci, the triumvirs and patriots established scientific disciplines, political agendas, and cultural traditions that can be traced directly to those bio-political aspirations for a New Man, New Woman, and New Italy that constitute the very core of twentieth-century eugenics and fascism.

评分☆☆☆☆☆

拿到《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》这本书，我立刻被它的内容深度和跨度所震撼。从书名就可以看出，它并非是一本轻松的读物，而是试图探讨人类存在的最根本问题，并追溯其历史演变。我对书中“Genesis”的部分特别感兴趣，这不仅仅是生物学的起源，更可能涉及到人类早期对自身诞生的种种想象、神话以及哲学思考。我想象着作者会如何梳理这些古老而又充满力量的叙事，它们是如何塑造了我们最初对“人”的认知。接着，“Eugenics”这个词，无疑是这本书中最具争议也最引人注目的部分。历史上的优生学思潮，是如何兴起、发展，又为何最终走向了毁灭性的结局？书中是否会深入剖析那些推动优生学发展的社会、政治和科学背景，以及它对无数生命造成的无法磨灭的创伤？我期待作者能够以一种审慎而又不失批判的态度，带领读者回顾这段黑暗的历史，从中汲取教训。更让我好奇的是“and Beyond”的部分，在现代科技飞速发展的今天，基因编辑、人工智能等技术正在以前所未有的方式挑战着我们对“人”的定义。这本书是否会探讨这些新的可能性，以及它们将如何重塑人类的未来？

评分☆☆☆☆☆

这本《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》这本书，光是书名就让人觉得非常有份量，彷彿在邀请我们进行一场跨越时空的哲学与科学的对话。一开始拿到书，就被这个扎实而引人入胜的书名给吸引住了。它不仅仅是关于人类的起源，更是将我们带入了一个更广阔的议题——人类的塑造，从最根本的“创生”讲起，一直延伸到充满争议的“优生学”，甚至展望了“更远”。我很好奇作者如何能在如此宏大的叙事中，捕捉到那些关键的历史转折点和思想脉络。想象一下，从亚当夏娃的神话传说，到孟德尔的遗传定律，再到20世纪那些令人心惊胆颤的优生学实践，这些看似毫不相干的片段，究竟是如何被编织在一起，形成一个完整的故事？这本书会不会就像一把钥匙，为我们打开理解人类自身演进和被干预历史的一扇窗？我特别期待书中对于“beyond”部分的阐述，在基因编辑、人工智能等飞速发展的当下，我们该如何理解“制造”人类的议题，又将面临怎样的伦理挑战？这是一个非常当代且深刻的问题，这本书的出现，无疑会引发许多值得我们深思的讨论。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》这个书名，一开始就给我一种强烈的预感，这本书会是一次穿越时空的智识之旅。我最想了解的是书中对于“Genesis”的阐述，那不仅仅是生命科学的起点，更可能是关于人类对自身起源的古老追问，从神话、哲学到科学，这些不同的叙事如何共同塑造了我们对“人”的理解？我会期待作者能描绘出这幅波澜壮阔的画卷，其中充满了好奇、探索与敬畏。而“Eugenics”这个词，则立刻勾起了我内心深处的警觉。我想象着书中会如何深入挖掘优生学思潮的根源，它如何在特定的历史时期获得了“科学”的光环，又如何导致了对人性的践踏和生命的悲剧？我期待作者能够以一种严谨而不乏人文关怀的笔触，剖析这段黑暗历史的来龙去脉，让我们能够深刻反思其教训。更令我好奇的是“and Beyond”的部分，在基因技术飞速发展的今天，“制造”人类的概念已经不再是科幻小说里的情节。我希望这本书能大胆地探讨这些前沿议题，例如基因编辑对人类未来可能带来的影响，以及我们在追求进步的同时，该如何坚守人性的底线，这无疑会是本书最具有现实意义的价值所在。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》这本书的题目本身就充满了吸引力，仿佛在讲述一个关于人类如何被“创造”和“塑造”的宏大史诗。我被书中“Genesis”部分所吸引，那不仅仅是单纯的科学理论，更包含了人类在漫长历史中对自身起源的哲学、宗教以及文化层面的探索。我很好奇作者会如何将这些不同的视角融合起来，构建一个关于人类开端的多维度图景。从生命的最早萌芽，到人类文明的兴起，这其中一定充满了许多不为人知的细节和故事。而“Eugenics”这个词，则立刻把我拉到了20世纪那个充满争议的时代。我想象着书中会如何深入剖析优生学思想的兴起，它背后的驱动力是什么？当时的社会是如何接纳甚至推崇这种观念的？而它又如何导致了那些令人发指的罪行？我期待书中能够呈现一段清晰、客观的历史叙述，让我们能够深刻理解这段历史的教训，避免重蹈覆辙。最后，“and Beyond”的部分，在当今科技飞速发展的时代，生物技术、基因编辑等领域日新月异，人类似乎正在掌握前所未有的“创造”能力。我非常期待书中能够探讨这些前沿议题，以及它们对人类未来可能带来的影响，无论是积极的还是消极的，都会引发我深入的思考。

评分☆☆☆☆☆

《Crafting Humans： From Genesis to Eugenics and Beyond》这本书的书名，一下子就抓住了我的注意力，它暗示着一场关于人类本质与演变的深刻探索。我特别期待书中对于“Genesis”的解读，这不仅仅是生物学的起点，更可能触及到人类早期对于生命创造的想象、神话叙事，甚至是哲学层面的思考。我会好奇作者如何将这些多元的元素融汇，展现人类在认知自身起源过程中的曲折与演变。接着，“Eugenics”这个词，无疑是这本书中最具冲击力也最令人警醒的部分。我脑海中浮现的是20世纪那些令人不安的历史画面，优生学的思想是如何在特定的社会土壤中滋生蔓延，它背后有着怎样的科学伪装与社会偏见？书中是否会细致地剖析其兴衰过程，以及它对个体与社会造成的深远伤害？我希望作者能够以一种冷静而批判的视角，引导读者正视这段历史，从中汲取深刻的教训。而“and Beyond”的展望，在当今基因编辑、合成生物学等飞速发展的时代，更是显得尤为重要。我想象着书中会对这些新兴科技带来的伦理困境与未来可能性进行怎样的探讨，它或许会为我们思考人类的下一步该走向何方，提供重要的启示。