图书序言
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每个字都像童话故事 刘墉
Preface:Every word is an enchanted story/Yung Liu
我女儿大学刚毕业就应聘去了北京,很多人惊讶她这个美国土生土长的女孩,有那么好的中文程度,不但能听能说能写,甚至两岸的繁简体字和拼音、注音都会,猜我一定下了不少工夫教她。其实她小时候,我不过每週抽出一两个小时给她上课,可能因为教法不同,所以能事半功倍。
My daughter landed her first job in Beijing straight out of college. People often remark how impressive her Chinese is, considering that she was born and raised in the US. Not only is she fluent in both speaking and writing, but she is equally comfortable with traditional and simplified characters, and knows how to use the pinyin and zhuyin systems. Many think that this must have been the result of countless hours of toil and struggle, but actually it’s been no more than one or two hours of lessons per week since she was a child.
由于我爱艺术、文学,又在美国的大学教「东亚美术概论」,所以我教汉字是从「文字学的艺术」入手。汉字由象形符号发展出来,本来就具有图画的性质,像是日、月、水、火、舟、车、虫、鱼,跟图画像极了,任何娃娃都一看就懂,何必让孩子从起步,就认为文字是死板难学的呢?
Looking back, I believe the lessons are more efficient because I made character learning as fun as possible. Art and literature are my personal and professional passions, and I used to teach East Asian art studies in an American university, so I have always approached Chinese characters as an art form. Chinese Hanzi characters originated as pictographs, and still retains much of their pictorial past; words such as sun and moon, water and fire, boat and cart, insect and fish, are still just like pictures that can be readily explained to any young child. There is no reason why we should let children think these words are abstract and difficult to learn.
所以我用画的,长长一条横线,是地平线,加上圆圆的太阳,是太阳刚冒出地平线的「旦」;尖尖一个屋顶,里面坐了个女生,是平平安安的「安」。妈妈带着一个娃娃,多好啊!所以是「好」;一只手在推,不够!又来一只手帮忙,是朋友的「友」……
For example, if you draw a horizontal line representing the horizon, and add a circle on top as a rising sun, what do you think it would mean? The resulting character「旦」means exactly what it looks like: dawn! Or if you draw a pointed rooftop, and add a character for woman(女)under it, the resulting character「安」means“safe”. Put a woman and a child(子)together, and you get「好」, which means“good.” One hand pushing is not enough; add a helping hand, and you get「友」, which means“friend.” Modern words echo the values of the past.
由于文字经过长久地演变,现今使用的汉字,跟甲骨文和大小篆有很多不同。为了让孩子能看出古人怎么从观察自然、创造文字,一步步演进到今天的样子,我把真实的图画、刻写的「甲骨文」,铸造铭记的「金文」,秦代统一的「小篆」,方便记录的「隶书」、文人独特的「行草」,结构严谨的「楷书」,和中国大陆目前使用的「简体汉字」,一个个排列起来。当孩子知道其中的变化,一方面会觉得有意思,一方面即使看到现今的繁体和简体字,都能自然想到它们「当初的样子」,那种追索的过程甚至有侦探和寻宝的趣味。
Still, having evolved through the centuries, modern Chinese characters can be markedly different from its original form. So, each word is presented first as a picture, then in its earliest written form on oracle bone shells, then as it was carved on early bronzeware, later as ‘small seal script’ used in the Qin Dynasty, followed by ‘clerical script’ developed for (obviously) clerical work, ‘cursive script’ used by artists and literati, to the structurally balanced and complex ‘regular script’ and the ‘simplified script’ used in modern China. Arranged in sequence, it allows one to see how ancient Chinese people observed nature, created the words, and how it evolved through time. One can feel like an archeologist or a cryptographer, and knowing how the characters once looked thousands of years ago can certainly add to the appreciation of reading them today.
举个例子,「采」这个字,上面是「手」,下面是「木」,手在树上采,意思很明确,形象也简单,只是后人在左边又加了「一只手」,成为后来的「採」。又譬如「本」字,中间直直一根树干,上面左右伸出两根树枝,下面伸出两条树根,在树根的地方加一小划,表示「根本」的道理。
As another example, the character 采 is a drawing of a hand on a plant, and later another “hand” was added on the left as a radical, forming the character 採, which means “to pick”.
If you draw a straight line as the trunk of a tree, horizontal lines as branches and slanting downward lines as roots, then add another small line near the base of the trunk, and the resulting character 本 means “source” or “root”.
为了让写实图画和文字元号的关联更清楚,我除了画图,还用「剪影」。图画是彩色的,剪影是黑白的,前者比较复杂,后者比较简化。譬如「犬」字,图画是一只举着前脚的狗,可能不容易和「犬」字联想到一起,但是经过「剪影」,看来就有了紧密的关系。
To bridge the connection of written word and illustration even closer, I also depict the illustration as a silhouette; simplified into black and white, the pictures look more like the characters they became. For example, the character 犬 is of a dog lifting one front paw. As an illustration, it’s not that obvious, but through the silhouette process, you can see much more readily how the picture becomes the word.
此外,文字是实用的,孩子愈能用在生活中愈好。所以在我教汉字的时候,只要遇到有中文的场合,无论街上的招牌或餐馆的菜单,立刻会指着字让孩子认。我儿子原本不懂简体汉字,跟我去大陆一个月,一路上看招牌认字,就学得差不多了。
Of course, the written word is a tool, and beginning learners should make use of it in daily life as much as possible for it to stick. Back when I taught my children, I would have them identify characters whenever we see them, whether it’s on a street sign or a restaurant menu. My son couldn’t read simplified Chinese at first, but after a month long trip through mainland China, he was able to learn it by reading all the signs.
所以我又用了一种方法,就是四处拍照,要孩子从照片里找他认识的字。因为汉字全球化,我拍照的地点除了台湾、中国大陆、香港,也包括日本、泰国、马来西亚和新加坡等这些跟汉字关系密切的地方。我发现每个孩子都天生爱寻宝,当他才学几个字,就能从生活照片里找到,会特别兴奋,也记得特别牢。
So in this book, I also use this method to teach character recognition, by taking photographs of Chinese characters throughout the world. In my experience, every child and beginning learner loves to hunt for the words they just learned in photographs and surroundings. Even if they only know a few characters, it’s very exciting for them to spot these words in life, and it certainly enhances their memory.
加上今天是个国际化的社会,最好让孩子从起步的时候就能双语沟通,我在教汉字的时候也以英文解释,又为了让孩子印象深刻,甚至让他有成就感,每次都要孩子把我写的中文翻译成英文,而且放在这本书里。所以这本书应该既适合西方人学中文,也可以作为中国孩子的英语教材。
Society in the future is ever more global, so I believe it’s best to develop proficiency in more than one language as early as possible. When teaching Chinese to my children and my students, I sometimes use English to explain. My children now are the ones who did the English translation for this book. I believe it can be a useful tool not only for English readers wishing to learn Chinese, but can work the other way around as well.
更进一步,虽然今天十三亿人都用简体汉字,而且简体字比繁体字好写得多,但繁体字是我们伟大的文化资产,就算笔划多,不易写,也应该懂。所以我在教孩子的时候是繁体、简体,甚至「注音」、「拼音」一起进行的。
In addition, I believe in learning both the traditional and simplified characters together, and I have taught my children to use both the pinyin and zhuyin phonetic systems. Although simplified characters are the norm for the majority of Chinese, the traditional (also known as ‘complex’) script is a cultural heritage in itself. They may have many more strokes and take longer to write, but it’s still worthwhile to study and appreciate them.
或许正因为从「图像」、「剪影」、「符号」,到文字演进一路教下来,非但能加深印象,收事半功倍的效果,孩子也在自然间感受书法的美。我相信如果每个人都能从汉字源头上学起,以后认字的方法和趣味会大大不同,文字不再只是死板的符号,而是生动的图画或故事。
In this sequence of learning a word through pictures, silhouettes, symbols to text, I believe that the impression will be deeper, and beginning learners can naturally begin to appreciate the beauty of calligraphy as well. I truly believe that if everyone can learn Chinese characters by studying their source, the written language itself will come alive.
这本书的各体汉字和插图都是我绘制的,我原本可以从字典或电脑档案里直接取用文字,但为了亲自体会汉字的美,还是一笔一划地临写,由于书写的时间不同,或许有好有坏,请大家谅解。
All of the illustrations and calligraphy in this book were done by yours truly. I could have sampled from reference books or computer fonts, but still decided to write them by hand, so the reader can more fully feel their organic beauty. Since they were done over different periods of time, their quality may be slightly different, and I apologize for their imperfection.
至于英文,如前面所说是由我女儿边学边译,当年她还小,英文能力有限,所幸这是写给小朋友的书,英文太深奥反而不好,所以虽然后来经过刘轩校正,仍然尽力保持原样。
The English translation of the text was first done by my daughter. At the time of the first draft, she was still quite young, and her prose not so polished, but as this is a book meant for beginning learners and children, I thought it best to keep the language simple. My son later did some editing, but mostly kept the translations as they were.
这本书虽然不大,前后却花了多年时间,直到女儿上大学才停止,因为需要补足考证,我的教学工作又忙,结果一拖再拖,差点半途而废。所幸而今孙子女到了认字的年龄,逼我重拾旧业、野人献曝,把我教学的心得与大家分享。我不是专业的文字学家,同一个字也可能有各家不同的解释,阙误之处在所难免,请大家不吝指教!
This book is not big, but has been a long time coming. I worked on it as a family project, all the way until my daughter left for college. In the meantime I kept busy with other things, and some of the material had to be more fully researched, causing further delays that almost stalled the project completely. Luckily, my grandchildren are now at the age to learn Chinese characters for the first time, which motivated me to pick up where I left off, and I now humbly present this work to you. I sincerely welcome your comments, and hope that learners of Chinese everywhere, young and old, may enjoy and benefit from this book!