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本书为《国际贸易》英文版内容，由于西方国家在国际贸易理论研究领域起步较早，《国际贸易》所选经典国际贸易理论模型最初均为英文版本，译文即便再力求精准，也难以完全避免因译者的主观理解和自身认知囿限而导致的偏误，本着「认识一个事物最好是去认识其原本的样子，而非别人认为的样子」的理念，因此本书推荐给读者结合《国际贸易》进行阅读。

　　本书内容与《国际贸易》相同，第一章首先介绍世界经济贸易发展的现状和特点。接着从国际贸易理论和国际贸易政策两个方面对国际贸易相关议题展开阐释。国际贸易理论部分主要按照国际贸易发展的时间顺序，介绍一系列经典的国际贸易理论模型。

　　第二章主要讲解重商主义、绝对优势理论和比较优势理论等三个早期国际贸易模型，这些模型主要从生产的角度分析国际贸易产生的原因及可能的结果；第三章的主要内容是标准贸易模型，将消费纳入到国际贸易分析中，从生产和消费的双角度分析国际贸易现象；第四章介绍出口供给曲线、进口需求曲线、提供曲线和贸易条件，其中出口供给曲线和进口需求曲线主要用于某一商品的局部贸易均衡分析，而提供曲线为两种商品的一般贸易均衡分析提供了便利，贸易条件概念的提出有助于分析贸易对一国或地区福利的影响；第五章的要素禀赋理论放松了对生产要素投入的限定，进一步揭示了国际贸易产生的根源；第六章将规模经济和不完全竞争等现实因素考虑进来，分析了之前的贸易理论无法解释的贸易现象；不同于之前各章主要在宏观层面进行分析，第七章新新贸易理论从微观视角分析国际贸易新现象和新特点；第八章经济增长与国际贸易将分析从静态转变为动态，从发展的角度研究经济各要素变化对国际贸易的影响。国际贸易政策部分主要介绍影响国际贸易的措施、政策，分析其影响机制和结果。

　　第九章以进口关税为例分析关税对贸易双方的影响；第十章以出口补贴为例分析非关税措施对贸易双方的影响；第十一章介绍了其他主要非关税措施的相关情况；第十二章以全球区域经济一体化为切入点，阐释了人们应对关税及非关税贸易壁垒、促进世界经贸发展的举措，同时分析了其影响和各国或地区的应对。
 

Chapter 1 An Introduction to the World Economy and Trade .... (1)
1. 1 The Development Situation ................... (1)
1. 1. 1 World Trade Volumes and World Trade Composition ......... (1)
1. 1. 1. 1 World Trade Volumes ................... (1)
1. 1. 1. 2 The World Trade Composition ................ (2)
1. 1. 2 Main Trade Participants .................... (4)
1. 1. 2. 1 Total Goods and Services Imports and Exports ......... (4)
1. 1. 2. 2 Goods and Services Imports and Goods and Services Exports ... (5)
1. 1. 3 Trade Situation in China and the U. S. .............. (7)
1. 1. 3. 1 Foreign Trade in China .................. (8)
1. 1. 3. 2 Foreign Trade in the U. S. ................ (11)
1. 2 Features of World Economy and Trade .............. (15)
1. 2. 1 The Growth of World Economy and Trade Have Been Slowing Down .. (15)
1. 2. 2 Trade Participants Differentiated Significantly ........... (16)
1. 2. 3 More High-Tech Products and Information Products Are Traded .... (18)
1. 2. 4 The Global Value Chain Is Under Reconstruction, the Cross-Border E-Commerce Is Growing Rapidly ................ (19)
1. 2. 5 The Trade Protectionism Has Been Rising ............ (20)
1. 2. 6 Developing and Middle-Income Countries Have Been Increasingly
Active .......................... (20)
Part Ⅰ International Trade Theory

Chapter 2 Mercantilismꎬ the Theory of Absolute Advantage, and the Theo-ry of Comparative Advantage .............. (25)
2. 1 Mercantilism ......................... (25)
2. 1. 1 Main Thoughts of Mercantilism ................. (25)
2. 1. 2 Main Policies of Mercantilism ................. (25)
2. 1. 3 Limitations of Mercantilism .................. (26)
Reading 2. 1 .......................... (26)
2. 2 The Theory of Absolute Advantage ............... (27)
2. 2. 1 Basic Assumptions ...................... (28)
2. 2. 2 Absolute Advantage ..................... (28)
2. 2. 3 The Theory of Absolute Advantage ............... (29)
2. 2. 4 Limitations of the Theory of Absolute Advantage .......... (30)
Reading 2. 2 .......................... (31)
2. 3 The Theory of Comparative Advantage .............. (32)
2. 3. 1 Basic Assumptions ...................... (32)
2. 3. 2 Opportunity Cost ...................... (32)
2. 3. 3 Comparative Advantage .................... (32)
2. 3. 4 Theory of Comparative Advantage ................ (34)
2. 3. 5 Limitations of the Theory of Comparative Advantage ........ (35)
Reading 2. 3 .......................... (35)
2. 4 Determining the Relative Price with Free Trade .......... (36)
Reading 2. 4 .......................... (40)

Chapter 3 The Standard Trade Model ............... (41)
3. 1 Production Possibility Frontier (PPF) .............. (41)
3. 1. 1 The Shape of PPF ...................... (41)
3. 1. 2 Inefficient, Maximum and Impossible Combinations ........ (43)
3. 1. 3 The Shift of PPF ...................... (44)
3. 1. 4 The Marginal Rate of Transformation (MRT) ........... (46)
Supplementary Content 3. 1: A Derivation of PPF (Constant Costs) ..... (47)
Reading 3. 1 .......................... (50)
3. 2 Community Indifference Curves (CIC) .............. (51)
3. 2. 1 Definition ......................... (51)
3. 2. 2 Characteristics of Community Indifference Curves ......... (52)
3. 2. 3 The Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS) ............ (54)
3. 3 Equilibrium in Isolation ..................... (54)
3. 4 Production, Consumption, and the Relative Price ......... (56)
3. 4. 1 Production and the Relative Price ............... (56)
3. 4. 2 Consumption and the Relative Price ............... (57)
3. 5 The Trade Pattern and Trade Gain ............... (58)
3. 5. 1 Constant Costs ....................... (59)
3. 5. 2 Increasing Costs ....................... (60)
3. 6 Equilibrium with Trade ..................... (62)
3. 7 Incomplete Specialization .................... (63)
3. 8 Consumer Preferences and International Trade .......... (64)
Reading 3. 2 .......................... (66)

Chapter 4 Export Supply Curves, Import Demand Curves, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade ................ (67)
4. 1 Export Supply Curves ..................... (67)
4. 2 Import Demand Curves ..................... (68)
4. 3 The Partial Equilibrium with Trade ................ (70)
4. 4 Offer Curves and the General Equilibrium Analysis ......... (71)
Reading 4. 1 .......................... (74)
Reading 4. 2 .......................... (75)
4. 5 Partial Equilibrium and General Equilibrium Analyses ........ (76)
4. 6 The Terms of Trade ...................... (78)
Reading 4. 3 .......................... (79)

Chapter 5 Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory .. (80)
5. 1 Assumptions of the H-O Model ................. (80)
5. 2 Isoquants ........................... (81)
5. 2. 1 Definition and Derivation ................... (81)
5. 2. 2 Characteristics of Isoquants .................. (81)
5. 2. 3 The Marginal Rate of Technical Substitution (MRTS) ....... (83)
Supplementary Content 5. 1: Two Special Cases of Isoquant Curves ...... (84)
5. 2. 4 The Relationship Between the Factor Input Ratioꎬ Factor Pricesꎬ and
Production Costs ...................... (85)
5. 3 Factor Intensity ........................ (86)
5. 4 Factor Abundance ....................... (87)
5. 5 Factor Intensityꎬ Factor Abundanceꎬ and the Shape of PPF .... (88)
5. 5. 1 The Shape of PPFs in Home and Foreign ............ (88)
5. 5. 2 The Relative Location of PPFs in Home and Foreign ........ (89)
5. 6 The H-O Model and the H-O Theorem .............. (90)
5. 6. 1 The Main Content of H-O Theorem ............... (91)
5. 6. 2 A Graphical Illustration of the H-O Theorem ........... (91)
Reading 5. 1 .......................... (93)
5. 7 The H-O-S Theorem ...................... (93)
Supplementary Content 5. 2: International Factor Mobility ......... (95)
5. 8 The Effect of Trade on Income distribution ............ (97)
Reading 5. 2 .......................... (98)
Reading 5. 3 .......................... (98)
5. 9 The Leontief Paradox and Its Explanations ............ (99)
5. 9. 1 The Leontief Paradox .................... (99)
5. 9. 2 Explanations of the Leontief Paradox .............. (100)
5. 9. 2. 1 An Explanation from the Perspective of Theoretical Base .... (100)
5. 9. 2. 2 An Explanation from the Perspective of Human Capital .... (100)
5. 9. 2. 3 An Explanation from the Perspective of R&D ........ (100)
5. 9. 2. 4 An Explanation from the Perspective of Factor Intensity
Reversal ....................... (101)
5. 9. 2. 5 An Explanation from the Perspective of Tariff Policies ..... (101)
5. 9. 2. 6 An Explanation from the Dynamic Perspective ........ (101)

Chapter 6 Economies of Scaleꎬ Imperfect Competitionꎬ and International
Trade ......................... (103)
6. 1 Economies of Scale and International Trade ........... (103)
6. 1. 1 Returns to Scale and Economies of Scale ............ (103)
6. 1. 2 Economies of Scale and Production Possibilities Frontier ...... (104)
6. 1. 3 Economies of Scale and External Economies ........... (104)
Reading 6. 1 .......................... (105)
6. 1. 4 Economies of Scaleꎬ the International Trade Patternꎬ and Gains from
Trade .......................... (106)
Supplementary Content 6. 1: Cases of External and Internal Economies of
Scale .................. (107)
6. 2 Imperfect Competition and International Trade .......... (108)
6. 2. 1 Imperfect Competition .................... (108)
Reading 6. 2 .......................... (108)
6. 2. 2 The Intra-Industry Trade Index (IIT) ............. (109)
Reading 6. 3 .......................... (110)
6. 3 Dynamic Technological Differences and International Trade .... (111)
6. 3. 1 The Technological Gap Model ................. (112)
Reading 6. 4 .......................... (112)
6. 3. 2 The Product Life-Cycle Model ................ (114)
6. 4 The New Economic Geography Theory and International Trade ... (115)
Reading 6. 5 .......................... (116)
6. 5 Environment Standards and International Trade .......... (117)
Reading 6. 6 .......................... (118)

Chapter 7 The New-New Trade Theory .............. (121)
7. 1 The New-New Trade Theory and Its Development ........ (121)
7. 1. 1 The Trade Model with Heterogeneous Firms ........... (121)
7. 1. 2 The Endogenous Boundary Model of Firms ............ (122)
7. 2 What`s New in the New-New Trade Theory? A Comparison of the Traditional Trade Theory, the New Trade Theory, and the New-New Trade Theory ........................ (123)
7. 2. 1 Research Subjects Are Different ................ (123)
7. 2. 2 Theoretical Assumptions Are Different ............. (124)
7. 2. 3 Theoretical Cores Are Different ................ (125)
7. 2. 4 Sources of Trade Benefits and Trade Policies Are Different ..... (125)
7. 3 The Value of the New-New Trade Theory ............ (126)
7. 4 Limits of the New-New Trade Theory .............. (126)
7. 5 Policy Implications of the New-New Trade Theory ........ (127)
Reading 7. 1 .......................... (128)

Chapter 8 Economic Growth and International Trade ....... (129)
8. 1 Growth of Factors of Production and Economic Growth ...... (129)
8. 1. 1 Capital and Labor Grow Simultaneously and K/ L Is Unchanged ... (130)
8. 1. 2 Capital Grows and Labor Is Unchanged ............. (131)
8. 1. 3 Labor Grows and Capital Is Unchanged ............. (132)
8. 1. 4 Capital and Labor Grow Simultaneously and K/ L Rises ...... (134)
8. 1. 5 Capital and Labor Grow Simultaneously and K/ L Drops ...... (136)
Reading 8. 1 .......................... (138)
8. 2 Technical Progress and Economic Growth ............ (139)
8. 3 Economic Growth and International Trade ............ (143)
8. 3. 1 Economic Growthꎬ Consumption Changesꎬ and Trade Scale ..... (143)
8. 3. 2 Economic Growth and International Trade (The Small-Country Case) .......................... (146)
8. 3. 3 Economic Growth and International Trade (The Large-Country Case) .......................... (148)
8. 3. 4 Immiserizing Growth .................... (151)
Reading 8. 2 .......................... (152)
Part Ⅱ International Trade Policy

Chapter 9 Tariffs ......................... (155)
9. 1 Definition and Classification of Tariffs .............. (155)
9. 1. 1 Tariffs Classified by Commodity Flows ............. (155)
9. 1. 1. 1 Import Duty ...................... (155)
9. 1. 1. 2 Export Duty ...................... (156)
9. 1. 1. 3 Transit Duty ...................... (156)
9. 1. 2 Tariffs Classified by Collection Methods ............. (156)
9. 1. 2. 1 Ad Valorem Tariff ................... (156)
9. 1. 2. 2 Specific Tariff ..................... (156)
9. 1. 2. 3 Compound Tariff .................... (156)
9. 1. 2. 4 Alternative Tariff .................... (157)
9. 1. 2. 5 Sliding Tariff ..................... (157)
9. 1. 3 Tariffs Classified by Purposes ................. (157)
9. 1. 3. 1 Revenue Tariff ..................... (157)
9. 1. 3. 2 Protective Tariff .................... (157)
9. 1. 4 Tariffs Classified by Differential Treatments ........... (157)
9. 1. 4. 1 Import Surtax ..................... (157)
9. 1. 4. 2 Variable Levy ..................... (158)
9. 1. 4. 3 Preferential Duty .................... (158)
9. 1. 4. 4 Generalized Preferential Duty ............... (158)
9. 2 Effects of Import Duties (A Small-Country Case) ........ (158)
9. 3 Effects of Import Duties (A Large-Country Case) ........ (163)
9. 4 Effects of Import Duties on the Export Country .......... (166)
9. 4. 1 A Small-Country Case .................... (166)
9. 4. 2 A Large-Country Case .................... (166)
9. 5 Nominal and Effective Rates of Protection ............ (167)
9. 5. 1 Nominal Rate of Protection .................. (168)
9. 5. 2 Effective Rate of Protection .................. (168)
Reading 9. 1 .......................... (169)

Chapter 10 Export Subsidies ................... (172)
10. 1 The Definition of Export Subsidy ................ (172)
10. 2 Effects of Export Subsidies (A Small-Country Case) ...... (172)
10. 3 Effects of Export Subsidies (A Large-Country Case) ...... (174)
10. 4 Effects of Export Subsidies on the Import Country ........ (176)
10. 4. 1 A Small-Country Case ................... (176)
10. 4. 2 A Large-Country Case ................... (176)
Reading 10. 1 ......................... (177)

Chapter 11 Non-Tariff Trade Barriers .............. (180)
11. 1 Green Barriers, Technical Barriers, and Antidumping Barriers ... (180)
11. 1. 1 Green Barriers ...................... (180)
Reading 11. 1 ......................... (180)
Reading 11. 2 ......................... (182)
11. 1. 2 Technical Barriers ..................... (182)
Reading 11. 3 ......................... (183)
11. 1. 3 Antidumping Barriers ................... (184)
Reading 11. 4 ......................... (185)
11. 2 Other Forms of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers ............ (185)
11. 2. 1 Licenses and Quotas .................... (185)
11. 2. 2 Customs & Administrative Entry Procedures .......... (186)
11. 2. 3 Import Prohibition ..................... (189)
Reading 11. 5 ......................... (189)
11. 2. 4 Discrimination Against Imported Products ........... (189)
Reading 11. 6 ......................... (190)
11. 2. 5 Export Restrictions .................... (190)
11. 3 Characteristics of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers ........... (191)
11. 4 Effects of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers on Developing Countries and
Developing Countries Countermeasures ............ (192)
11. 4. 1 Effects of Non-Tariff Trade Barriers on Developing Countries .... (192)
11. 4. 2 Developing Countries  Countermeasures ............ (193)
11. 4. 2. 1 Innovate Technologies and Improve the Quality of Goods and Services ....................... (193)
11. 4. 2. 2 To Be Consistent with International Standards and Cooperate Actively
with the Rest of World ................. (193)
11. 4. 2. 3 Fully Understand the Importing Markets and Local Policies .. (193)
11. 4. 2. 4 Expand Domestic Demand and Reduce the Dependence on the International Trade .................. (194)
11. 4. 2. 5 Protect National Legitimate Rights and Interests ....... (194)

Chapter 12 Global and Regional Economic Integration ...... (195)
12. 1 Global and Regional Economic Integration Organizations ..... (195)
12. 1. 1 World Trade Organization (WTO) .............. (195)
12. 1. 2 European Union (EU) ................... (196)
12. 1. 3 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) ........ (197)
Reading 12. 1 ......................... (197)
12. 1. 4 Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) .......... (198)
12. 1. 5 Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) ........ (199)
12. 1. 6 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) . (200)
12. 1. 7 BRICS ......................... (200)
12. 1. 8 The Belt and Road (B&R) ................. (201)
Reading 12. 2 ......................... (202)
12. 2 The Trend of Global and Regional Economic Integration ..... (203)
12. 2. 1 Regional Economic Integration Tends to Accelerate ........ (203)
12. 2. 2 The Cross-Regional Cooperation Develops Fast ......... (203)
12. 2. 3 FTAs Become the Main Form of Regional Economic Integration ... (204)
12. 2. 4 The Deep Cooperation Becomes the Mainstream ......... (204)
12. 2. 5 Developed Economies Play the Leading Role in Regional Economic Integration ........................ (204)
12. 2. 6 Developing Countries Accelerate the Regional Economic Integration Process ......................... (205)
12. 2. 7 The Asia-Pacific Region Has Become the Focus of Free Trade Area Construction ....................... (205)
Reading 12. 3 ......................... (206)
12. 3 Influences of Regional Economic Integration .......... (207)
12. 3. 1 On Trade Liberalization ................... (207)
12. 3. 2 On Global Capital Flows and Industrial Structure Optimization ... (207)
12. 3. 3 On Global Economic and Trade Orders and Operation Rules .... (208)
12. 3. 4 On the Global Trade Pattern ................. (208)
12. 4 Countermeasures by Developing Countries to Deal With Global and
Regional Economic Integration ................ (209)
12. 4. 1 Act Positively ...................... (209)
12. 4. 2 Adapt to Global and Regional Economic Integration Rules Quickly . (209)
12. 4. 3 Participate in the International Cooperation and International Trade Actively ......................... (210)
12. 4. 4 Strengthen the Awareness of Risk Prevention and Safeguard the National Economic and Financial Security ............... (210)
12. 4. 5 Appreciate Talents and Innovation .............. (210)
 

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