Shakespeare, as well as the reading, translating, teaching, criticizing, performing, and adapting of Shakespeare, does not exist outside culture. Culture in its many varieties not only informs the Shakespearean corpus, productions, and scholarship, but is also reciprocally shaped by them. Culture never remains stable, but constantly evolves, travels, procreates, blends, and mutates; no less incessantly, the understanding and rewriting of Shakespeare fluctuates. The relations between Shakespeare and culture thus comprise a dynamic flux which calls for examination and reexamination. It is this rich and even labyrinthine network of meanings—intercultural, intertextual, and intergeneric—that this volume intends to explicate. The essays collected here, most of them first presented at the Fourth Conference of the National Taiwan University Shakespeare Forum held in Taipei in 2009, cover a wide range of topics—religion, philosophy, history, aesthetics, as well as politics—and thereby illustrate how fruitfully complex the topic of cultural interchange can be.
编者简介
Bi-qi Beatrice LEI 雷碧琦 is Associate Professor at the Department of Foreign Languages and Literatures of National Taiwan University and has served as Coordinator of the NTU Shakespeare Forum www.Shakespeare.tw) since 2006. She received her PhD in English from New York University, and has published on Sidney, Shakespeare, intercultural theatre, television drama, and early modern edicine. She is currently working on a book project on and an electronic database of Shakespeare in Taiwan.
CHING-HSI PERNG 彭镜禧, Distinguished Professor Emeritus, National Taiwan University, is currently a Visiting Professor at Fu Jen Catholic University. A recipient of many honors for teaching, research, and literary translation, he has done research at Yale, Oxford, and University of Chicago, taught at University of Virginia as a Fulbright Visiting Scholar, and lectured widely in Taiwan and China. Among some thirty books to his credit are three studies on Shakespeare, plus the Chinese translations of Hamlet and The Merchant of Venice; the latter he adapted (with Chen Fang) into aYuju opera with performances in Taiwan, China, London, and the U.S.A. His latest work, an annotated translation of Measure for Measure, is forthcoming, which has also been adapted into a Yuju opera, to be premiered at Taipei’s National Theater in June 2012.
List of Figures
Notes on Contributors
Acknowledgements
Foreword --The Future Is Fusion DENNIS KENNEDY
Preview DAVID BEVINGTON
Introduction BI-QI BEATRICE LEI
Part One: Shakespeare's Response to His Culture
1. The Culture of Early Modern Protestantism: Predestination in Shakespearean Comedy and Tragedy
JASON GLECKMAN
2. Of Moors and Whores: Cultural Contrast in Othello
BARRY HALL
3. Honor and Maternity in Coriolanus
LIN CHI-I
Part Two: Reading in Shakespeare and Reading of Shakespeare
4. “A voucher stronger than ever law could make”: Writing and Media Literacy in Cymbeline
TED MOTOHASHI
5. Shakespeare Reverbatin' : Spectral Media, Unread-ability, and the Weak Sovereignty of the In/Defi nitive Edition
RICHARD BURT
Part Three: Shakespeare in East Asia's Indigenous Theatres
6. Bonding Bangzi and the Bard: The Case of Yue/Shu (Bond) and The Merchant of Venice
CHING-HSI PERNG
7. Korean Shakespeare and the Endings of the Lear Story
HAN YOUNGLIM
8. Is No Shakespeare in Noh Shakespeare? Re-/Mis-Shaping Shakespeare on the Noh Stage
MINAMI RYUTA
Part Four: Asian Shakespeare in Historical Perspective
9. Shakespeare, (Southeast) Asia, and the Question of Origins
JUDY CELINE ICK
10. The First Japanese Adaptation of Othello (1903) and Japanese Colonialism
YOSHIHARA YUKARI
11. Paradox of Chinese Nationalism: Two Gentlemen of Verona in Silent Film
BI-QI BEATRICE LEI
Part Five: Shakespeare as Global Commodity
12. Hamlet and the Market in Cultural Commodities: Global and Local Revisited
ANN THOMPSON
13. Uses and Abuses of Shakespeare's Sonnets on Film and Television
MARIANGELA TEMPERA
Index
Preview
David BEVINGTON
Shakespeare in Culture, having grown out of a conference at the National Taiwan University Shakespeare Forum in 2009, is devoted to the proposition that culture and Shakespeare alike are protean in their unceasing change, and are alike in such ways as to enable us to read “Shakespeare” as a kind of paradigm of that cultural change. Shakespeare is in culture in the sense that his plays and poems reflect and act upon social customs and ideas. Conversely, social customs and ideas infl uenced Shakespeare in his own day and continue to infl uence the great sum of what “Shakespeare” can mean to us today. The interplay between Shakespeare and culture is mutual and organic.
This idea is perhaps now accepted wisdom about Shakespeare and culture. The current project adds greatly to
that perception by reading Shakespeare in the rich context of multiculturalism, including Chinese opera, colonialism, youth culture, and much more. Stage productions from Asia add immensely to our appreciation of what Shakespeare can mean by expanding the cultural horizon. I have had the great pleasure of attending conferences in Taiwan and elsewhere on this subject, with extraordinary productions, culminating in April 2011 at the meeting in Bellevue, Washington, of the Shakespeare Association of America, where Bond, a Yuju Bangzi Opera adaptation of The Merchant of Venice, was staged with a star cast and orchestral accompaniment.
The essays in this present collection cover an admirable range of topics, and thereby illustrate how fruitfully complex the topic of cultural interchange can be. We are shown Shakespeare in the context of his own cultural environment: Protestantism and predestination, the “otherness” of racial difference, classical concepts of honor, Christian concepts of womanly silence and obedience, and still more. Other essays explore the language of interpretation, creating the potential for misinterpretation in male obsessions with womanly beauty and in discourses about sexuality. Shakespeare emerges in these essays as a profound and sensitive reader of cultural values and confl icts whose scripts are necessarily incomplete, prompting us to correct unceasingly our perceptions of what he has written. Of course we also need to reinterpret how Shakespeare’s plays can be presented on stage, and this is an area in which the present collection is particularly useful. I have already mentioned admiringly the Bond adaptation of The Merchant of Venice, which here serves as a vital text for Ching-Hsi Perng’s disquisition on how cross-cultural adaptation can transform the work while at the same time preserving and indeed enlarging the authenticity of the original. Two Korean productions of King Lear are analyzed in the present collection in such a way as to show how that play can be recast as tragicomedy. Noh and Kabuki theatres afford a similar opportunity to study how Shakespeare in production
can make brilliant use of Japanese staging traditions to bring out aspects of the plays not easily seen in more traditional Western contexts. I remember particularly a Kabuki version of Macbeth at Wisdom Bridge in Chicago in 1983, in which the rice-paper screens of a traditional Japanese interior afforded a means for the audience to behold the murder of Duncan, backlighted from behind and silhouetted onto the translucent screens, whereupon Duncan, by now fatally wounded, plunged through those screens onto the main stage and was pursued into the audience by a bloodmaddened Macbeth. Throughout, the three weird sisters were onstage, manipulating the gestures of the play’s main characters: when a weird sister nodded or grimaced or made a dismissive hand gesture, Macbeth or Lady Macbeth would do the same. Determinism took visible shape on the Japanese stage. Akira Kurosawa’s Throne of Blood (1957) is another brilliant example: not a word of Shakespeare’s text remains, and yet the film is arguably the most perceptive interpretation of the play available to modern audiences.
The essays in this present collection are thus importantly complementary to recent studies of world Shakespeares. One essay looks at the use of Shakespearean dress and vernacular translation in two Asian productions well before the advent of post-colonialism. Another essay shows how Othello was enlisted polemically into justifications of Japanese imperial power in the early twentieth century. Ambivalence toward
Western cultural values in China emerges in a study of The Two Gentlemen of Verona in silent fi lm. On a global scale, one essay looks at Hamlet as a protagonist whose sensibility has penetrated to every corner of the globe. Shakespeare’s Sonnets are included too, as presented on fi lm and television, where they interact with pop culture and other aspects of our contemporary world. The wealth of cultural perspective on Shakespeare is everywhere apparent in this informative and highly readable collection of essays.
这本书的名字是《莎士比亚在文化中》,听起来就很有分量,我拿到手的时候,就对它充满了期待。虽然我还没有开始深入阅读,但仅从书名和封面设计,我就能感受到作者对莎士比亚文化影响力的深刻洞察。我猜测,这本书大概会探讨莎士比亚的作品是如何渗透到我们生活的方方面面,从文学、戏剧到电影、音乐,甚至日常的语言表达,都可能留下他独特的印记。想象一下,我们现在使用的许多词汇和表达方式,是不是都源于莎士比亚的笔下?“为了爱,也可以忍受”,或者“一切尽在掌握”,这些耳熟能详的句子,在不经意间就道出了跨越几个世纪的共鸣。书中会不会分析那些经典剧目,比如《哈姆雷特》的犹豫不决,《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的炽热情深,《麦克白》的野心勃勃,是如何一次又一次地被重塑和解读,并适应不同时代的社会语境?我很好奇作者会如何连接这些文本,以及它们如何通过各种艺术形式,被赋予新的生命和意义。也许书中会列举一些具体的例子,比如某个电影导演是如何从莎士比亚的悲剧中汲取灵感,或者某位音乐家是如何将十四行诗谱写成动人的旋律。这种跨媒介、跨时代的连接,本身就充满了学术的魅力和文化的张力。我甚至在想,这本书会不会也涉及到一些不太显眼的文化现象,比如某个小众的文学团体如何以莎士比亚为精神偶像,或者某个国家的流行文化如何巧妙地融入莎翁的戏剧元素。总而言之,我期待这本书能够为我打开一扇窗,让我更全面、更深刻地理解莎士比亚这位文学巨匠,以及他的作品在世界文化中所扮演的至关重要的角色。
评分拿到《莎士比亚在文化中》这本书,我第一个念头就是,这绝对不是一本简单的传记或者作品集。从这个书名,我感受到了作者想要探讨的是一种更宏大、更具象的议题——莎士比亚这个名字,或者说,莎士比亚创造出的那些文本,是如何超越时间和空间的限制,成为一种活着的文化现象。我设想着,这本书会如何描绘莎士比亚作品的“生命周期”。从诞生之初,它们是如何被搬上舞台,如何被当时的观众接受,又如何随着时间的推移,被不同的时代、不同的文化背景下的读者和观众重新解读。我好奇书中会不会涉及一些莎士比亚作品在非英语世界的传播和接受史?比如,在中国,有多少翻译版本?这些翻译版本又各自有什么样的特点和局限性?它们是如何影响中国读者对莎士比亚的理解的?我特别期待书中能够讨论莎士比亚作品对其他艺术形式的“辐射”作用。例如,有多少电影是根据他的剧本改编的?这些电影又是如何将莎士比亚的戏剧张力转化为视觉语言的?或者,有多少音乐作品,尤其是歌剧,是直接取材于他的戏剧?这些改编和再创作,是否在某种程度上“解构”或“重构”了莎士比亚的原著?我甚至猜测,这本书可能会探讨莎士比亚对现代语言和思维方式的潜在影响。我们无意识中使用的很多习语、典故,是否都与他有关?这本书,在我看来,将是一次对莎士比亚“文化基因”的探寻,一次对这位伟大剧作家如何深刻地塑造了我们今天所处的文化景观的考察,充满了知识的深度和广度。
评分当我看到《莎士比亚在文化中》这本书时,我的脑海中立刻涌现出无数的可能性。这不仅仅是一本关于莎士比亚的书,更像是一张巨大的文化地图,上面标记着这位剧作家及其作品所留下的印记。我猜测,这本书的重点可能不在于简单地介绍莎士比亚的生平或者逐一分析他的剧作,而是更侧重于考察他的作品在不同时间、不同地点、不同艺术形式中是如何被“再创造”和“再解读”的。我好奇书中会如何探讨莎士比亚的戏剧如何被转化为电影。例如,那些经典台词是如何被搬上银幕,那些戏剧性的冲突又是如何通过镜头语言来呈现的?不同时代的导演,他们对莎士比亚的理解又会有怎样的差异?我尤其期待书中能够关注一些不太显而易见的文化影响,比如莎士比亚的作品是如何影响了现代文学的叙事结构,或者他笔下的人物原型又是如何成为无数作家创作的灵感源泉。我希望书中能够提供一些具体的、有说服力的例子,展示莎士比亚的语言和思想是如何渗透到我们日常的文化生活中,而我们却可能浑然不觉。我甚至在想,这本书会不会也涉及到一些莎士比亚作品的“误读”或者“曲解”?这些“误读”在某种程度上,或许更能揭示出文化传播的复杂性和动态性。总之,我期待这本书能够成为一部关于莎士比亚“生命力”的百科全书,一本带领我探索这位伟大剧作家如何在世界文化中“生生不息”的奇妙旅程,它将不仅仅是知识的传递,更是一种对文化现象的深刻洞察和无限想象。
评分当我翻开《莎士比亚在文化中》这本书时,一种强烈的历史厚重感扑面而来。封面那种复古的字体和精美的插画,仿佛将我带回了那个充满戏剧张力的伊丽莎白时代。我脑海中浮现的,是伦敦那座宏伟的环球剧院,演员们在舞台上挥洒激情,观众们被深深地吸引。我猜想,这本书的作者必然是一位对莎士比亚有着极其深入研究的学者,他/她必定能够抽丝剥茧,为我们揭示莎士比亚作品背后隐藏的时代背景、社会风貌以及作者自身的人生经历。我期待书中能够深入剖析莎士比亚的创作过程,比如他如何从历史故事、民间传说甚至圣经中汲取灵感,并将这些素材加工提炼,最终创作出那些流传千古的经典戏剧。我尤其想知道,那些至今仍然引起我们共鸣的人物原型,例如充满悲情的王子,狡诈的野心家,或者纯洁无暇的爱情象征,在当时的社会环境中究竟意味着什么?作者会不会探讨莎士比亚戏剧中的语言艺术?他的那些精妙的比喻、独特的韵律,以及那些充满智慧的台词,是如何塑造人物性格、推动情节发展,并最终在文学史上留下浓墨重彩的一笔?我期待书中能够提供详实的文本分析,帮助我理解这些语言的魅力所在。同时,我也好奇作者会如何阐释莎士比亚作品中的哲学思考。那些关于人生、死亡、权力、爱情、命运的永恒命题,在不同文化背景下的观众心中会引发怎样的共鸣?这本书,我相信,不仅仅是一部关于莎士比亚的学术著作,更是一场穿越时空的文化对话,带领我们走进一个充满智慧和情感的世界,去感受人类最深刻的情感与最普遍的困惑。
评分《莎士比亚在文化中》这个书名,让我瞬间就联想到那种学术性很强,但又充满趣味性的读物。我能想象这本书里充满了各种各样令人拍案叫绝的例子,展示了莎士比亚这个名字和他的作品是如何在不同的文化土壤中生根发芽,甚至开出意想不到的花。我迫不及待地想知道,作者会如何呈现莎士比亚作品在全球范围内的“化身”。它会不会是一场关于“莎士比亚”这个符号的全球旅行?书中会不会列举一些非常规的例子,比如某个非洲部落的仪式中,会不会巧妙地融入了《仲夏夜之梦》的某种元素?或者,某个南美国家的政治讽刺剧,会不会借鉴了《李尔王》的权力斗争模型?我对于这种跨文化的“混搭”和“移植”非常感兴趣,因为这往往能揭示出人类共通的情感和普适的价值观。我期待书中能够提供一些细致入微的案例分析,比如,某个特定时期的社会思潮是如何影响了对《哈姆雷特》的解读,或者某个经济危机又是如何让《马丁·格鲁》中的人物显得格外具有现实意义。这种对作品“时代性”的深刻剖析,我相信会极大地拓展我的视野。同时,我也好奇作者会如何处理莎士比亚作品中那些具有争议性的部分。比如,对女性角色的描绘,或者对某些阶级关系的呈现,在不同的文化背景下,是如何引发不同的解读和批评的?这本书,我认为,将是一次关于“莎士比亚”这个文化遗产的“考古”,它将带领我们去发现,这位几百年前的英国剧作家,是如何以一种意想不到的方式,渗透到世界各地的文化肌理之中,并持续地影响着我们的思考和表达。
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