具体描述
在举世闻名的大英博物馆中，收藏了大约370件早期台湾文物，其中绝大多数是原住民的物品。这些藏品难得地留存了珍贵的过去物质生活讯息，也唿应了早期台湾与西方接触互动的片段历史。人类学者胡家瑜教授和欧尼基（Niki Alsford）博士特别精选了其中的165件文物，进行入藏历史脉络解说和图像介绍，期盼这些保存在遥远他方的文化遗产，与台湾社会重新连结。
透过本书，读者不仅可以一窥他者目光凝视下台湾多元文化的精彩和美丽，感受到其中蕴含的文化价值和力量，也能掌握跨文化採集背后复杂交错的历史脉络和动力，进一歩思考文化遗产如何在当代社会活化应用的课题。
透过本书，读者不仅可以一窥他者目光凝视下台湾多元文化的精彩和美丽，感受到其中蕴含的文化价值和力量，也能掌握跨文化採集背后复杂交错的历史脉络和动力，进一歩思考文化遗产如何在当代社会活化应用的课题。
异域的凝视与本土的记忆：馆藏世界各地非西方艺术品的文化叙事 本书深入探讨了西方主要博物馆中收藏的非西方文化艺术品，尤其聚焦于那些在跨文化交流与权力结构下被“他者化”的物件。研究的重点并非仅仅是艺术品的物质性，更是其在被纳入西方知识体系和展示空间后所发生的意义嬗变。我们力图揭示，当这些源自特定地方性、承载着本土社会、宗教或政治叙事的物品，被置于大英博物馆、卢浮宫或大都会博物馆的宏大叙事框架中时，其原初的文化语境是如何被重塑、简化，乃至异化的。 全书结构围绕“收藏的地理学”与“展示的政治学”两条主线展开。 第一部分：收藏的地理学——从原生地到博物馆的迁徙史 本部分首先追溯了全球化早期及殖民时期，大量非西方艺术品如何离开其原生的社会结构，进入西方机构的收藏体系。我们不采取简单的“掠夺”论断，而是细致考察了每种类型文物的获取路径：包括外交馈赠、考古探险、宗教传教以及系统的物质文化采集。 第一章：物质的漂流与知识的锚定。 详细分析了不同地域（如非洲中部、东南亚群岛、前哥伦布时期美洲）的仪式性工具、服饰和日常器物，如何被西方人类学、民族志或艺术史学家重新分类和命名。例如，探讨了“部落艺术”（Primitive Art）这一范畴的形成如何服务于西方现代主义对“纯粹性”的追求，以及它如何遮蔽了物品在原社会中的复杂功能。 第二章：藏品的生命史。 通过对特定馆藏的个案研究，追踪一批文物的生命周期。这些文物在原初社会中可能扮演着宗教媒介、社会地位的象征或历史记录的角色。一旦进入博物馆，它们的“生命”被冻结在了一个静止的展示时间轴上。我们考察了馆藏记录、购买发票、早期目录与实物本身的对照，揭示了“收藏记录”这一中介文本如何成为建构文物“身份”的关键环节。例如，某件太平洋岛屿的木雕面具，在原文化中是通灵的载体，但在西方馆藏中，它可能仅被标注为“装饰艺术”或“宗教用品”，其动态的仪式功能被剥夺。 第三章：分类系统的权力博弈。 重点分析了西方博物馆（特别是基于十九世纪博物学和民族志传统建立的机构）所采用的分类标准——基于地域、材质、制作技术，而非社会功能或信仰体系。这种分类系统如何强化了西方中心主义的认知框架，将非西方文化置于一种“他者”的、等待被解读和理解的客体地位。讨论了对“工艺品”与“艺术品”的二元划分如何影响了特定文化艺术品的价值评估与展示方式。 第二部分：展示的政治学——空间的重构与意义的重写 第二部分将焦点转向博物馆的内部空间，探讨策展实践如何主动地构建关于“他者”的文化叙事。博物馆的展厅不仅仅是物品的存放地，更是进行文化教育和意识形态传播的场所。 第四章：语境的剥离与展陈的剧场化。 剖析了如何在有限的展柜空间内，对文物的原初语境进行“精简”和“提炼”。当一件承载了复杂神话谱系的物件被孤立地放置在聚光灯下，配以简洁的英文或法文标签时，其背后的知识体系和连续性便被中断。我们分析了早期展示中常见的“人类学式陈列”（将不同地域、功能相似的物品并置以进行功能对比）与现代“艺术史式陈列”（强调形式美学和演变脉络）对同一批文物意义的根本性重写。 第五章：解说词的权力：标签与叙事的冲突。 深入研究了博物馆墙面文字、导览器和图录中的描述性语言。这些文本如何构建出一种看似客观实则高度选择性的历史叙事。着重分析了那些模糊、浪漫化或过度简化的描述，如何掩盖了殖民历史、文化冲突或文物流失的敏感议题。探讨了近年来“去殖民化”的努力中，如何尝试引入多声部叙事、邀请原文化社群参与叙事构建的尝试及其面临的挑战。 第六章：空间的互动与观众的协商。 考察了观众在面对异域物品时的认知过程。观众并非被动接受者，而是带着自身的文化预设与展陈文本进行“协商”。本章通过对不同文化背景观众的观察研究，分析了“观看距离”如何影响理解——是保持一种审美的距离，还是寻求一种文化上的共鸣？探讨了虚拟技术和互动媒体在多大程度上能弥合物理空间与文化鸿沟的尝试。 结论：回归与再认识——地方美学的内在逻辑 本书的结论部分将目光重新投向被收藏的物品本身，倡导一种“从地方出发”的美学解读路径。我们主张，真正的理解需要超越西方中心的美学标准，去探寻这些物品在其原初社会中被视为“美”或“有效”的内在逻辑和本体论基础。 我们总结了全球博物馆界面临的伦理困境：是继续维护这种跨国收藏的“奇观”，还是推动复杂的归还或合作共管议程？最终，本书旨在为理解跨文化物质交流提供一个批判性的框架，鼓励对博物馆空间及其所承载的历史进行持续的、去中心化的审视，从而促进对世界文化多样性更深层次的尊重与认知。这不仅是对过去收藏史的回顾，更是对未来文化机构角色的前瞻性思考。
著者信息
作者简介
胡家瑜
台湾大学人类学系教授退休后，现为该系兼任教授。她在英国伦敦大学大学院取得人类学博士学位。多年来从事物质文化、博物馆人类学和文化遗产相关教学研究工作，并且长期参与台湾民族学藏品和原住民物质文化调查研究，以及相关成果的当代应用与活化发展。主要着作包括《赛夏族的物质文化》（1996）、《台大人类学系伊能藏品研究》（1998）、《道卡斯新港社古文书》（1999）、《针线下的缤纷―大武壠平埔衣饰与刺绣藏品图录》（2014）、《赛夏族》（2015）、《文物、造型与台湾原住民艺术―台大人类学博物馆宫川次郎藏品研究》（2015）等专书。
Chia-yu Hu is Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at National Taiwan University. She acquired her PhD degree from the UCL, University of London. She has engaged in teaching and researching of material culture, museum and heritage issues for a long time. Her main interests are in studying Taiwan ethnological collections and Taiwan indigenous cultures, as well as applying research results for contemporary cultural revitalization. She is the author of Material Cultural of the Saysiyat: Tradition and Transformation (1996), Studies on Ino’s Collection at the Department of Anthropology of National Taiwan University (1998), A Collection of Archival Documents from Taokas Sinkang Village (1999), Treads of Splende: Taivon Pingpu Clothes and Embroidery Collections (2014), The Saysiyat (2015), Artifacts, Forms and Taiwan Indigenous Art: Miyagawa Jiro’s Collection in the Museum of Anthropology at National Taiwan University (2015), etc.
欧尼基（Niki Alsford）
欧尼基博士为英国中央兰开夏大学语言与国际研究学院、亚洲太平洋研究所副教授，以及韩国国际研究中心主任。他同时也是伦敦大学亚非学院台湾研究中心的研究员。欧尼基自亚非学院取得东亚现代史博士学位，研究焦点着重于十九世纪晚期至二十世纪初期的台湾社会史。他近期的着作包括：Transitions to Modernity in Taiwan: The Spirit of 1895 and the Cession of Formosa to Japan (Routledge, 2017)、〈尘封的瑰宝：伦敦大学亚非学院特藏台湾原住民族档案〉(2017)、发表于Paul Woods所编辑的The Shaping of Christianity in China (2017)一书的Torn Between Two Worlds: Rev. Shoki Coe, Domesticity, and the Taiwanese Self-Determination Movement，以及与Bernhard Fuehrer 共同发表在Translation Studies 1:1 (2017): 137-182期刊中的Carstairs Douglas (1830-1877) and his Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy (1873)。
Dr. Niki Alsford is Reader in Asia Pacific Studies and Director of the International Institute of Korean Studies. He is also Research Associate at the Centre of Taiwan Studies at SOAS, the University in London. He received his PhD in Modern East Asian History from SOAS and his research is grounded on late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Taiwan social history. His most recent publications include: Transitions to Modernity in Taiwan: The Spirit of 1895 and the Cession of Formosa to Japan (Routledge, 2017); Buried Treasurers: Taiwan Indigenous Peoples’ Archives Held at the School of Oriental & African Studies, the University of London (2017); Torn Between Two Worlds: Rev. Shoki Coe, Domesticity, and the Taiwanese Self-Determination Movement, a chapter in Paul Woods’s The Shaping of Christianity in China (2017); and Carstairs Douglas (1830-1877) and his Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy (1873), which he co-wrote with Bernhard Fuehrer for Translation Studies 1:1 (2017): 137-182.
胡家瑜
台湾大学人类学系教授退休后，现为该系兼任教授。她在英国伦敦大学大学院取得人类学博士学位。多年来从事物质文化、博物馆人类学和文化遗产相关教学研究工作，并且长期参与台湾民族学藏品和原住民物质文化调查研究，以及相关成果的当代应用与活化发展。主要着作包括《赛夏族的物质文化》（1996）、《台大人类学系伊能藏品研究》（1998）、《道卡斯新港社古文书》（1999）、《针线下的缤纷―大武壠平埔衣饰与刺绣藏品图录》（2014）、《赛夏族》（2015）、《文物、造型与台湾原住民艺术―台大人类学博物馆宫川次郎藏品研究》（2015）等专书。
Chia-yu Hu is Professor of Anthropology in the Department of Anthropology at National Taiwan University. She acquired her PhD degree from the UCL, University of London. She has engaged in teaching and researching of material culture, museum and heritage issues for a long time. Her main interests are in studying Taiwan ethnological collections and Taiwan indigenous cultures, as well as applying research results for contemporary cultural revitalization. She is the author of Material Cultural of the Saysiyat: Tradition and Transformation (1996), Studies on Ino’s Collection at the Department of Anthropology of National Taiwan University (1998), A Collection of Archival Documents from Taokas Sinkang Village (1999), Treads of Splende: Taivon Pingpu Clothes and Embroidery Collections (2014), The Saysiyat (2015), Artifacts, Forms and Taiwan Indigenous Art: Miyagawa Jiro’s Collection in the Museum of Anthropology at National Taiwan University (2015), etc.
欧尼基（Niki Alsford）
欧尼基博士为英国中央兰开夏大学语言与国际研究学院、亚洲太平洋研究所副教授，以及韩国国际研究中心主任。他同时也是伦敦大学亚非学院台湾研究中心的研究员。欧尼基自亚非学院取得东亚现代史博士学位，研究焦点着重于十九世纪晚期至二十世纪初期的台湾社会史。他近期的着作包括：Transitions to Modernity in Taiwan: The Spirit of 1895 and the Cession of Formosa to Japan (Routledge, 2017)、〈尘封的瑰宝：伦敦大学亚非学院特藏台湾原住民族档案〉(2017)、发表于Paul Woods所编辑的The Shaping of Christianity in China (2017)一书的Torn Between Two Worlds: Rev. Shoki Coe, Domesticity, and the Taiwanese Self-Determination Movement，以及与Bernhard Fuehrer 共同发表在Translation Studies 1:1 (2017): 137-182期刊中的Carstairs Douglas (1830-1877) and his Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy (1873)。
Dr. Niki Alsford is Reader in Asia Pacific Studies and Director of the International Institute of Korean Studies. He is also Research Associate at the Centre of Taiwan Studies at SOAS, the University in London. He received his PhD in Modern East Asian History from SOAS and his research is grounded on late-nineteenth and early-twentieth century Taiwan social history. His most recent publications include: Transitions to Modernity in Taiwan: The Spirit of 1895 and the Cession of Formosa to Japan (Routledge, 2017); Buried Treasurers: Taiwan Indigenous Peoples’ Archives Held at the School of Oriental & African Studies, the University of London (2017); Torn Between Two Worlds: Rev. Shoki Coe, Domesticity, and the Taiwanese Self-Determination Movement, a chapter in Paul Woods’s The Shaping of Christianity in China (2017); and Carstairs Douglas (1830-1877) and his Chinese-English Dictionary of the Vernacular or Spoken Language of Amoy (1873), which he co-wrote with Bernhard Fuehrer for Translation Studies 1:1 (2017): 137-182.
图书目录
推荐序 / 吴密察 Foreword / by Mi-cha Wu
编者序 / 胡家瑜 Preface / by Chia-yu Hu
图版目次Table of Image Plates
图表目次Table of Figures
凡例 Formats
普世博物馆与跨国流动的文物：大英博物馆藏台湾物质文化遗产 / 胡家瑜 Universal Museum and Artifacts Crossing Borders: Taiwanese Material Heritage Preserved at the British Museum / by Chia-yu Hu
生命记忆的唿唤：博物馆藏品与台湾原住民族连结之重启 / 欧尼基
A “Living”Reminder: Reconnecting Museum Collections to Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples / by Niki Alsford
藏品图说 / 胡家瑜Interpretation of Artifacts / by Chia-yu Hu
I.衣服与织品 Costumes and Textiles
II.服饰配件与首饰 Ornaments and Accessories
III.竹籐草编器 Basketries and Matting Objects
VI.木器与其他生活用具 Wood and Other Daily Objects
附录Appendix
I.大英博物馆台湾藏品清单 List of the Taiwan Collections at BM
II.参考书目 References
编者序 / 胡家瑜 Preface / by Chia-yu Hu
图版目次Table of Image Plates
图表目次Table of Figures
凡例 Formats
普世博物馆与跨国流动的文物：大英博物馆藏台湾物质文化遗产 / 胡家瑜 Universal Museum and Artifacts Crossing Borders: Taiwanese Material Heritage Preserved at the British Museum / by Chia-yu Hu
生命记忆的唿唤：博物馆藏品与台湾原住民族连结之重启 / 欧尼基
A “Living”Reminder: Reconnecting Museum Collections to Taiwan’s Indigenous Peoples / by Niki Alsford
藏品图说 / 胡家瑜Interpretation of Artifacts / by Chia-yu Hu
I.衣服与织品 Costumes and Textiles
II.服饰配件与首饰 Ornaments and Accessories
III.竹籐草编器 Basketries and Matting Objects
VI.木器与其他生活用具 Wood and Other Daily Objects
附录Appendix
I.大英博物馆台湾藏品清单 List of the Taiwan Collections at BM
II.参考书目 References
图书序言
编序
海外博物馆的物质文化遗产与当代源乡社会
收藏是博物馆保存文物的重要步骤，但也是文物脱离原本社会文化脉络的过程，背后纠缠着复杂的社会关系和多重动力。特别是跨洋越洲进入海外博物馆的收藏，更涉及全球化进程与跨文化採集历史。自十九世纪中期起，不少台湾文物也陆续踏上类似的旅程，随着来台的西方领事官员、传教士、探险家和研究者脚步，逐渐流动到欧美普世性博物馆。散佚在海外博物馆的这些台湾物质文化遗产，多年来默默地尘封在异国库房而很少为大众所知悉。
其中，举世闻名的大英博物馆（British Museum），就因缘际会地收藏了大约370 件早期台湾文物，其中绝大多数是台湾原住民文物。综观而言，大英博物馆的台湾藏品，主要入藏于十九世纪末期至二十世纪初期，是特殊时代脉络下外来者与台湾交会碰撞的结果。虽然文物数量并不算多，物件来源和类型也零星分歧；但这些物件却难得地留存了珍贵的过去物质生活讯息，也唿应了台湾社会与西方接触互动的片段早期历史。即使一百多年之后的今天，这些珍贵的海外物质文化遗产，仍是可以建构跨国和跨文化连结的具体媒介，也是可供当代源乡社会活化应用的重要文化资源。
本书的诞生，历经非常繁复冗长的海外调查研究、资料数位化和编辑出版等过程，耗费时间总计超过十年。在这漫长的期间，每一个阶段都要感谢许多人的参与、支持和协助。首先是国科会支持数位典藏与数位学习国家型科技计画分项下「台湾民族学藏品资料跨国研究与交流计画」研究经费，让我可以在2007年和2008 年，前往大英博物馆进行最基本也最重要的文物调查研究工作。跨国研究过程中，要特别感谢伦敦大学Dr. Michael Rowlands帮忙启动初期联络；以及大英博物馆亚洲部Dr. Jane Portal、Dr. Jan Stuart、Dr. Brian Durrans、Dr. Anouska Komlosy和Ms. Imogen Laing等大力协助，才能完成入库逐件检视研究文物。此外，也非常感谢计画先后任助理们如苏郁晴、刘姿兰、吴昭洁、许湘彩、郭欣谕、张诗雅、徐瑛莲和吴佳铮等协助文物拍摄、资料整理建档与图像处理工作；以及台湾大学数位人文中心项洁教授、蔡炯民博士和陈怡君小姐协助建置数位资料库，让文物数位资料能够在出版前先公开上网。
最后，本书能够完成编辑出版，要感谢专精于台湾历史研究的英国学者欧尼基（Niki Alsford）博士参与担任共同编辑。他从历史人类学者的角度，提供不少关于文物採集的重要背景资料。另外，还要感谢台大出版中心执行编辑游紫玲小姐耐心细致的校正和润饰，以及美术编辑游凤珠小姐精美的编排。
我们在书中精选了165件代表不同类型和族群的文物，进行更详细的文化历史脉络解说和文物图像对照出版。透过本书的出版，希望一方面能够让大家理解跨文化採集背后复杂交错的历史脉络和动力；另一方面，也能够反映他者目光凝视下台湾多元文化的精彩和美丽，以及其中蕴含的文化价值和力量。期盼这些保存在遥远他方的珍贵台湾物质文化遗产，能够与台湾社会重新连结，在当代生活中持续开创新的文化生命力。
胡家瑜（国立台湾大学人类学系兼任教授）
Preface
Material Heritage in Overseas Museums and Contemporary Source Communities
Collecting is an essential step that a museum preserves cultural relics, but it is also a process that cultural relics detach from their original source communities. The process of collecting is often entangled with complex social relations and multiple power agencies. Especially, objects which had been collected across oceans and preserved in the overseas museums usually involved in the process of globalization and cross-cultural collecting. Many Taiwanese objects have also embarked on similar journeys and have been transported to the major museums in Europe and America since the middle of the nineteenth century. Following the footsteps of Western consular officials, missionaries, explorers and researchers who visited Taiwan, these Taiwanese relics, scattered abroad, usually have been concealed quietly in museum vaults over decades without public awareness. Among them, the British Museum (BM) has preserved 370 pieces of Taiwanese artifacts, most of which are indigenous artifacts.
Generally speaking, these Taiwanese artifacts were mainly acquired in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, under the special encounters between the West and Taiwan. The number of these Taiwanese objects might not be abundant; the sources of them are not clearly recorded. But, many of these objects not only have retained precious messages of the early material life in Taiwan, but also echoed interactive history between the Taiwanese society and the West. Even after more than a hundred years, these artifacts in the overseas museums can still act as the concrete medium for constructing transnational and cross-cultural linkages; they can also be applied as important cultural resources for revitalizing contemporary communities.
The birth of this book has been through very lengthy processes. Different stages of works, such as conducting overseas investigation, organizing and digitizing data of objects, as well as compiling and editing the book, have spent more than 10 years in total. During the long period, I am extremely grateful that many people participated, supported and assisted at each stage. First, the Council of National Science and Technology had funded my research project of “Digitization and International Information Exchange on Taiwanese Ethnological Collections in Overseas Museums” from 2007 to 2008 under the “National Digital Collection and Digital Learning Program”. With the project funding, I could travel to the British Museum and conduct the most essential and important works on examining their Taiwanese artifacts in those two years. In the process of conducting overseas investigation, my thanks are given to Prof. Michael Rowlands at the University College London who helped me to get initial contact with the BM. Besides, without the support and help of Dr. Jane Portal, Dr. Jan Stuart, Dr. Brian Durrans, Dr. Anouska Komlosy, and Ms. Imogen Laing of the Asia Department at the BM, I could not finish studying and researching the Taiwan collections at BM. In addition, I am grateful to all project assistants during these years, such as Yu-ching Su, Tzulan Liu, Chao-chieh Wu, Shiang-cai Shu, Hsin-yu Guo, Shih-ya Chang, Ying-lien Shu and Chia-cheng Wu for their work in taking photos, organizing and keying data, as well as processing images of the objects. I would also like to give special thanks to Professor Jieh Hsiang, Dr. Chiung-ming Tsai and Ms. Yi-chun Chen of the Digital Humanities Center at the National Taiwan University who helped to build an on-line digital database and let the Taiwanese artifacts preserved at the BM available for the public access before publication.
Finally, this book cannot be accomplished without the help of the co-editor, Dr. Niki Alsford, who is an expert of Taiwanese history. From the perspective of a historical anthropologist, he provided important background information on the collecting histories. In addition, I thank the executive editor of the NTU Press, Ms. Tzu-ling Yu, for her patient correction and meticulous polishing, as well as the artistic designer, Ms. Fong-ju Yu, for her exquisite design. We have selected 165 pieces of objects with different types and from different cultural groups presented in this book. For each object, we have made cultural-historical interpretation and displayed object photo for reference. Through the publication of this book, on the one hand, we tend to let people understand the complex contexts and agencies behind cross-cultural collecting. On the other hand, we tend to reflect the local aesthetics as well as the grateful values of cultural diversities in Taiwan. It is hoped that the material heritage of Taiwan preserved in overseas museums can be linked to the Taiwanese society again and continue to create cultural vitality in the contemporary life of the source communities.
推荐序
十九世纪中叶以后，因为清国与西洋国家缔结开港通商条约的关系，陆续有西洋外交官、传教士、商人、旅行家、学者来到台湾。他们基于不同的理由，对于台湾这个岛屿上的居民（特别是民族学上不同于来自中国之移民的台湾原住民）、地理、动物、植物等各方面投注了关心。二十世纪前夕，台湾成为日本帝国的殖民地，此时的日本正在引进西洋的诸种学问，日本的学者因而适时地获得了一个异民族的研究对象与田野地，殖民政府则基于统治异民族殖民地的现实需要，也对台湾进行研究。因此，可以说西洋人、日本人于这时候对台湾进行了可称为近代意义的第一波研究和田野调查。
十九世纪中叶以后大约半个世纪，西洋人、日本人对于台湾所进行的研究与田野调查，其成果虽然不免有所偏见，也常止于浮面印象，但他们对于这个岛屿的调查与研究，较诸管治这个岛屿已经超过二百年的中国官员多数偏向行政、治安事相的文献，却也对台湾之现实社会面貌有更为具体、生动的描写。尤其，他们对于台湾原住民之物质文化的兴趣，更是过去以文字描述为主的清国官员所难以望其项背的。
台湾大学人类学系胡家瑜教授长年致力于台湾原住民物质文化研究，她不但将日本殖民地时代台北帝国大学土俗人种学讲座陆续收集的文物整理编目出版成图录，让外界可以了解台大的文物收藏，还以这些文物为媒介，实质地协助台湾原住民进行文化复振运动。2000年以后，她还系统性地调查了欧美各大博物馆的台湾藏品，并与这些博物馆签订协定建置成网站，让不少原来祕藏于博物馆库房中的台湾文物终于得以面世。此次，她进一步与英国学人欧尼基博士合作将大英博物馆收藏的台湾文物，编辑成图录出版。透过此图录，读者不只可以了解大英博物馆这个世界知名的博物馆中的台湾收藏，也可以透过收录于图录中两位编着者的文章，了解这批台湾文物在大约一百年前入藏博物馆的经纬，读取到台湾文化与世界的邂逅，和台湾历史的另一个侧面，乃为之序。
吴密察（国史馆馆长）
Foreword
In the middle of the nineteenth century, due to the opening trade treaty signed between the Qing China and Western countries, Western diplomats, missionaries, businessmen, travelers and scholars started to come to Taiwan. For multiple reasons, they had an interest in the island̓s inhabitants (in particular the indigenous peoples of Taiwan, who differed from the Chinese immigrants), its geography, animals, plants and so on. On the eve of the twentieth century, Taiwan became a colony of the Japanese Empire. At the same time, Japan was introducing all kinds of Western knowledge; thus, the newly acquired colony-Taiwan became the perfect field for Japanese scholars to do ethnological research and investigation. For the needs of colonial rule, the Japanese government had to study Taiwan. Therefore, it can be said that Westerners and Japanese have carried out the first wave of modern investigation and fieldwork on Taiwan in history.
After about half a century since the nineteenth century, though the results of the research and fieldwork conducted by Westerners and Japanese on Taiwan were still often inevitably biased and ended in generalized impressions, their research and description of the Taiwan island has been more specific and vivid than the majority of Qing officials who had governed the island for more than 200 years. In particular, their interests in the material culture of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples were incomparable with that blurry writings made by the officials of the Qing Dynasty. Prof. Chia-yu Hu at the National Taiwan University has long been devoted to the study of material cultural on Taiwan indigenous peoples. She not only published catalogues of artifacts collected by the Institution of Ethnology of Taihoku Imperial University in the Japanese period to enhance the public’s understanding on the indigenous cultural relics, she has also actively assisted indigenous communities utilizing collected materials to promote cultural revitalization. In addition, since 2001, she started systemic investigations on the Taiwanese collections preserved in the major museums in Europe and America. The results have been accomplished and shown on a website with agreements of the preserved museums, so that the information of Taiwanese artifacts in the overseas museums could be accessed by the Taiwanese people. This time, she further cooperates with the British scholar, Dr. Niki Alsford to publish a catalogue of the Taiwan collections held at the British Museum. Through this book, readers will admirably get an opportunity to appreciate the precious Taiwanese artifacts preserved at the world-famous British Museum. Besides, people will be able to understand the historical encounters between Taiwan and the outside world, which is another side of Taiwanese history, form the editors’ introductions and interpretations on the Taiwanese cultural relics moved into the British Museum about 100 years ago.
海外博物馆的物质文化遗产与当代源乡社会
收藏是博物馆保存文物的重要步骤，但也是文物脱离原本社会文化脉络的过程，背后纠缠着复杂的社会关系和多重动力。特别是跨洋越洲进入海外博物馆的收藏，更涉及全球化进程与跨文化採集历史。自十九世纪中期起，不少台湾文物也陆续踏上类似的旅程，随着来台的西方领事官员、传教士、探险家和研究者脚步，逐渐流动到欧美普世性博物馆。散佚在海外博物馆的这些台湾物质文化遗产，多年来默默地尘封在异国库房而很少为大众所知悉。
其中，举世闻名的大英博物馆（British Museum），就因缘际会地收藏了大约370 件早期台湾文物，其中绝大多数是台湾原住民文物。综观而言，大英博物馆的台湾藏品，主要入藏于十九世纪末期至二十世纪初期，是特殊时代脉络下外来者与台湾交会碰撞的结果。虽然文物数量并不算多，物件来源和类型也零星分歧；但这些物件却难得地留存了珍贵的过去物质生活讯息，也唿应了台湾社会与西方接触互动的片段早期历史。即使一百多年之后的今天，这些珍贵的海外物质文化遗产，仍是可以建构跨国和跨文化连结的具体媒介，也是可供当代源乡社会活化应用的重要文化资源。
本书的诞生，历经非常繁复冗长的海外调查研究、资料数位化和编辑出版等过程，耗费时间总计超过十年。在这漫长的期间，每一个阶段都要感谢许多人的参与、支持和协助。首先是国科会支持数位典藏与数位学习国家型科技计画分项下「台湾民族学藏品资料跨国研究与交流计画」研究经费，让我可以在2007年和2008 年，前往大英博物馆进行最基本也最重要的文物调查研究工作。跨国研究过程中，要特别感谢伦敦大学Dr. Michael Rowlands帮忙启动初期联络；以及大英博物馆亚洲部Dr. Jane Portal、Dr. Jan Stuart、Dr. Brian Durrans、Dr. Anouska Komlosy和Ms. Imogen Laing等大力协助，才能完成入库逐件检视研究文物。此外，也非常感谢计画先后任助理们如苏郁晴、刘姿兰、吴昭洁、许湘彩、郭欣谕、张诗雅、徐瑛莲和吴佳铮等协助文物拍摄、资料整理建档与图像处理工作；以及台湾大学数位人文中心项洁教授、蔡炯民博士和陈怡君小姐协助建置数位资料库，让文物数位资料能够在出版前先公开上网。
最后，本书能够完成编辑出版，要感谢专精于台湾历史研究的英国学者欧尼基（Niki Alsford）博士参与担任共同编辑。他从历史人类学者的角度，提供不少关于文物採集的重要背景资料。另外，还要感谢台大出版中心执行编辑游紫玲小姐耐心细致的校正和润饰，以及美术编辑游凤珠小姐精美的编排。
我们在书中精选了165件代表不同类型和族群的文物，进行更详细的文化历史脉络解说和文物图像对照出版。透过本书的出版，希望一方面能够让大家理解跨文化採集背后复杂交错的历史脉络和动力；另一方面，也能够反映他者目光凝视下台湾多元文化的精彩和美丽，以及其中蕴含的文化价值和力量。期盼这些保存在遥远他方的珍贵台湾物质文化遗产，能够与台湾社会重新连结，在当代生活中持续开创新的文化生命力。
胡家瑜（国立台湾大学人类学系兼任教授）
Preface
Material Heritage in Overseas Museums and Contemporary Source Communities
Collecting is an essential step that a museum preserves cultural relics, but it is also a process that cultural relics detach from their original source communities. The process of collecting is often entangled with complex social relations and multiple power agencies. Especially, objects which had been collected across oceans and preserved in the overseas museums usually involved in the process of globalization and cross-cultural collecting. Many Taiwanese objects have also embarked on similar journeys and have been transported to the major museums in Europe and America since the middle of the nineteenth century. Following the footsteps of Western consular officials, missionaries, explorers and researchers who visited Taiwan, these Taiwanese relics, scattered abroad, usually have been concealed quietly in museum vaults over decades without public awareness. Among them, the British Museum (BM) has preserved 370 pieces of Taiwanese artifacts, most of which are indigenous artifacts.
Generally speaking, these Taiwanese artifacts were mainly acquired in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century, under the special encounters between the West and Taiwan. The number of these Taiwanese objects might not be abundant; the sources of them are not clearly recorded. But, many of these objects not only have retained precious messages of the early material life in Taiwan, but also echoed interactive history between the Taiwanese society and the West. Even after more than a hundred years, these artifacts in the overseas museums can still act as the concrete medium for constructing transnational and cross-cultural linkages; they can also be applied as important cultural resources for revitalizing contemporary communities.
The birth of this book has been through very lengthy processes. Different stages of works, such as conducting overseas investigation, organizing and digitizing data of objects, as well as compiling and editing the book, have spent more than 10 years in total. During the long period, I am extremely grateful that many people participated, supported and assisted at each stage. First, the Council of National Science and Technology had funded my research project of “Digitization and International Information Exchange on Taiwanese Ethnological Collections in Overseas Museums” from 2007 to 2008 under the “National Digital Collection and Digital Learning Program”. With the project funding, I could travel to the British Museum and conduct the most essential and important works on examining their Taiwanese artifacts in those two years. In the process of conducting overseas investigation, my thanks are given to Prof. Michael Rowlands at the University College London who helped me to get initial contact with the BM. Besides, without the support and help of Dr. Jane Portal, Dr. Jan Stuart, Dr. Brian Durrans, Dr. Anouska Komlosy, and Ms. Imogen Laing of the Asia Department at the BM, I could not finish studying and researching the Taiwan collections at BM. In addition, I am grateful to all project assistants during these years, such as Yu-ching Su, Tzulan Liu, Chao-chieh Wu, Shiang-cai Shu, Hsin-yu Guo, Shih-ya Chang, Ying-lien Shu and Chia-cheng Wu for their work in taking photos, organizing and keying data, as well as processing images of the objects. I would also like to give special thanks to Professor Jieh Hsiang, Dr. Chiung-ming Tsai and Ms. Yi-chun Chen of the Digital Humanities Center at the National Taiwan University who helped to build an on-line digital database and let the Taiwanese artifacts preserved at the BM available for the public access before publication.
Finally, this book cannot be accomplished without the help of the co-editor, Dr. Niki Alsford, who is an expert of Taiwanese history. From the perspective of a historical anthropologist, he provided important background information on the collecting histories. In addition, I thank the executive editor of the NTU Press, Ms. Tzu-ling Yu, for her patient correction and meticulous polishing, as well as the artistic designer, Ms. Fong-ju Yu, for her exquisite design. We have selected 165 pieces of objects with different types and from different cultural groups presented in this book. For each object, we have made cultural-historical interpretation and displayed object photo for reference. Through the publication of this book, on the one hand, we tend to let people understand the complex contexts and agencies behind cross-cultural collecting. On the other hand, we tend to reflect the local aesthetics as well as the grateful values of cultural diversities in Taiwan. It is hoped that the material heritage of Taiwan preserved in overseas museums can be linked to the Taiwanese society again and continue to create cultural vitality in the contemporary life of the source communities.
By Chia-yu Hu
推荐序
十九世纪中叶以后，因为清国与西洋国家缔结开港通商条约的关系，陆续有西洋外交官、传教士、商人、旅行家、学者来到台湾。他们基于不同的理由，对于台湾这个岛屿上的居民（特别是民族学上不同于来自中国之移民的台湾原住民）、地理、动物、植物等各方面投注了关心。二十世纪前夕，台湾成为日本帝国的殖民地，此时的日本正在引进西洋的诸种学问，日本的学者因而适时地获得了一个异民族的研究对象与田野地，殖民政府则基于统治异民族殖民地的现实需要，也对台湾进行研究。因此，可以说西洋人、日本人于这时候对台湾进行了可称为近代意义的第一波研究和田野调查。
十九世纪中叶以后大约半个世纪，西洋人、日本人对于台湾所进行的研究与田野调查，其成果虽然不免有所偏见，也常止于浮面印象，但他们对于这个岛屿的调查与研究，较诸管治这个岛屿已经超过二百年的中国官员多数偏向行政、治安事相的文献，却也对台湾之现实社会面貌有更为具体、生动的描写。尤其，他们对于台湾原住民之物质文化的兴趣，更是过去以文字描述为主的清国官员所难以望其项背的。
台湾大学人类学系胡家瑜教授长年致力于台湾原住民物质文化研究，她不但将日本殖民地时代台北帝国大学土俗人种学讲座陆续收集的文物整理编目出版成图录，让外界可以了解台大的文物收藏，还以这些文物为媒介，实质地协助台湾原住民进行文化复振运动。2000年以后，她还系统性地调查了欧美各大博物馆的台湾藏品，并与这些博物馆签订协定建置成网站，让不少原来祕藏于博物馆库房中的台湾文物终于得以面世。此次，她进一步与英国学人欧尼基博士合作将大英博物馆收藏的台湾文物，编辑成图录出版。透过此图录，读者不只可以了解大英博物馆这个世界知名的博物馆中的台湾收藏，也可以透过收录于图录中两位编着者的文章，了解这批台湾文物在大约一百年前入藏博物馆的经纬，读取到台湾文化与世界的邂逅，和台湾历史的另一个侧面，乃为之序。
吴密察（国史馆馆长）
Foreword
In the middle of the nineteenth century, due to the opening trade treaty signed between the Qing China and Western countries, Western diplomats, missionaries, businessmen, travelers and scholars started to come to Taiwan. For multiple reasons, they had an interest in the island̓s inhabitants (in particular the indigenous peoples of Taiwan, who differed from the Chinese immigrants), its geography, animals, plants and so on. On the eve of the twentieth century, Taiwan became a colony of the Japanese Empire. At the same time, Japan was introducing all kinds of Western knowledge; thus, the newly acquired colony-Taiwan became the perfect field for Japanese scholars to do ethnological research and investigation. For the needs of colonial rule, the Japanese government had to study Taiwan. Therefore, it can be said that Westerners and Japanese have carried out the first wave of modern investigation and fieldwork on Taiwan in history.
After about half a century since the nineteenth century, though the results of the research and fieldwork conducted by Westerners and Japanese on Taiwan were still often inevitably biased and ended in generalized impressions, their research and description of the Taiwan island has been more specific and vivid than the majority of Qing officials who had governed the island for more than 200 years. In particular, their interests in the material culture of Taiwan Indigenous Peoples were incomparable with that blurry writings made by the officials of the Qing Dynasty. Prof. Chia-yu Hu at the National Taiwan University has long been devoted to the study of material cultural on Taiwan indigenous peoples. She not only published catalogues of artifacts collected by the Institution of Ethnology of Taihoku Imperial University in the Japanese period to enhance the public’s understanding on the indigenous cultural relics, she has also actively assisted indigenous communities utilizing collected materials to promote cultural revitalization. In addition, since 2001, she started systemic investigations on the Taiwanese collections preserved in the major museums in Europe and America. The results have been accomplished and shown on a website with agreements of the preserved museums, so that the information of Taiwanese artifacts in the overseas museums could be accessed by the Taiwanese people. This time, she further cooperates with the British scholar, Dr. Niki Alsford to publish a catalogue of the Taiwan collections held at the British Museum. Through this book, readers will admirably get an opportunity to appreciate the precious Taiwanese artifacts preserved at the world-famous British Museum. Besides, people will be able to understand the historical encounters between Taiwan and the outside world, which is another side of Taiwanese history, form the editors’ introductions and interpretations on the Taiwanese cultural relics moved into the British Museum about 100 years ago.
By Mi-cha Wu
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评分
《他者视线下的地方美感：大英博物馆藏台湾文物》这本书，为我打开了一个审视台湾文化的新维度。它通过聚焦大英博物馆中的台湾文物，以一种“他者”的视角，来解读台湾的“地方美感”。这种方式，无疑提供了一种非传统的解读路径，但也让我对“美感”的来源和传递方式产生了深刻的思考。书中对一系列文物的描述，包括但不限于纺织品、石器、骨器等，都试图从西方学术的视角出发，去分析它们的工艺、材质、以及可能存在的象征意义。然而，我感觉这种解读，在很大程度上，是将台湾的文化元素“翻译”成了西方人能够理解的语言。 当我阅读到关于某些原住民部落的传统服饰的描述时，书中详细列举了其制作材料和工艺，但其所赋予的“美学意义”，却常常与“异域风情”、“原始艺术”等概念挂钩。这种论述，让我觉得，我们看到的“地方美感”，很大程度上是被“他者”的审美趣味和文化框架所框定的。我更想了解的是，在台湾本土，这些服饰是如何被穿着、被珍视，以及它们在当地社区的社会和精神生活中扮演着怎样的角色。这种“他者”的审视，固然能让我们看到一些宝贵的历史遗存，但同时也可能让我们忽略了，那些真正根植于台湾土地、由台湾人民世代相传的、鲜活的“地方美感”。我希望这本书能够提供更多从台湾本土出发的解读，去还原这些文物在台湾历史中的真实地位。
评分“这本《他者视线下的地方美感：大英博物馆藏台湾文物》与其说是对台湾地方美感的探讨，不如说是对殖民主义及其遗留问题的深刻反思。书中对大英博物馆藏品的选择和解读，与其说是在呈现台湾的美，不如说是在揭示“他者”——在这里是大英帝国——如何看待和定义“异域”文化。我尤其被那些本应承载着台湾本土工艺和审美情趣的器物，在博物馆的陈列和说明中，被剥离了原有的语境，披上了西方考古学、民族志研究的标签，甚至被用作论证大英帝国“文明开化”的例证，这种视角下的“地方美感”无疑是扭曲的、被置换的。 我反复咀嚼那些关于陶瓷、木雕、织物的描述，总感觉隔靴搔痒。作者试图从这些“他者”的眼中挖掘出台湾的独特韵味，但这种“挖掘”本身就带着一种侵入性。当一件承载着先民智慧和生活气息的祭祀器皿，被摆放在冰冷的玻璃柜中，旁边配着几行用西方语言书写的、试图解释其“原始”或“异域”特征的文字时，我所感受到的，与其说是美感，不如说是一种文化上的失落和压抑。书中对这些文物的历史溯源和工艺分析，虽然详实，但总绕不开一个核心问题：这些物品，在被大英博物馆收藏之前，它们自身的美学价值是如何被台湾人民所理解和珍视的？而收藏行为，又在多大程度上改变了这些物品的生命轨迹和其所代表的美学意义？我甚至开始思考，这本书所探讨的“地方美感”，是否存在于“他者”的凝视之中，而并非真正根植于台湾本土的土壤？这种“借由他人之眼看自己”的叙事模式，总让我感到一种无力感，仿佛台湾的美，必须通过他者的认可和解读，才能获得某种合法性。
评分读完《他者视线下的地方美感：大英博物馆藏台湾文物》，我最大的感受是，这本书提供了一个非常独特的审视台湾文化的方式——透过“他者”的眼睛。这种视角，虽然可能带来一些意想不到的发现，但同时也让我对“地方美感”的定义产生了更多的疑问。书中对大英博物馆收藏的台湾文物进行了细致的梳理和分析，但这些分析往往是围绕着“大英帝国如何看待和理解这些文物”来展开的。我感觉，很多时候，我们看到的“地方美感”，是被“他者”的价值体系和知识框架所重塑的。 书中关于一些史前陶器和金属器物的描述，虽然技术上很详实，但我却从中读出了一种“考古学式的”的解读，而非“生活美学式的”的欣赏。这些器物在史前台湾人的生活中，可能扮演着至关重要的角色，其美感也与他们的日常实践和信仰紧密相连。然而，当它们被陈列在大英博物馆，并被冠以“出土于某某地”的标签时，它们所承载的“地方美感”似乎就被简化为一种“历史证据”或“文化样本”。我希望书中能够更深入地挖掘，这些文物在台湾本土社会中所经历的演变和流传，以及台湾人民自身对它们的审美判断。这种“他者”的凝视，在一定程度上，可能让我们看到了台湾美学的某些侧面，但同时也可能让我们忽略了，那些更贴近土地、更贴近人民的、真正意义上的“地方美感”。
评分《他者视线下的地方美感：大英博物馆藏台湾文物》这本书，在我看来，更像是一场关于“观看”与“被观看”的深度对话。作者选择以大英博物馆作为切入点，为我们呈现了一种由外部视角投射在台湾文化之上的“美感”。然而，这种“美感”并非浑然天成，而是经过了“他者”的筛选、解读和重塑。我特别关注书中对一些具象化物件的分析，例如那些精美的玉器和陶器。作者通过梳理大英博物馆的收藏记录和相关研究资料，试图解读这些物件在西方学术语境中的意义。但这种解读，我总觉得带有一种“被殖民者”的无奈感。 当我看到一件原本可能承载着某种宗教信仰或社群记忆的器物，在书中被描述为“象征着东方异域情调”或“具有某种原始艺术价值”时，我感受到的并非纯粹的美，而是一种文化上的不适。这种“地方美感”的建立，似乎是以牺牲其本土性为代价的。书中对工艺细节的描绘固然细致，但往往围绕着“如何被西方人理解”来展开，而非“在台湾本土是如何被欣赏”。我开始思考，当一件文物离开了其原生的文化环境，被置于一个陌生的博物馆中，它的“地方美感”是否还能以原初的面貌存在？这种“他者”的目光，究竟是在帮助我们认识台湾的美，还是在不知不觉中，将台湾的美“西化”了？我渴望书中能够提供更多从台湾本土视角出发的解读，去还原这些文物在台湾历史和文化中的真实地位，而不是仅仅停留在“他者”如何看待的层面。
评分读罢《他者视线下的地方美感：大英博物馆藏台湾文物》，我内心涌起一股难以言说的复杂情绪。书中以大英博物馆所藏的台湾文物为引子，试图勾勒出一种“他者”视角下的台湾地方美感。然而，我却在这“他者”的凝视中，看到了更多关于权力、历史和文化挪用的痕迹。那些精美的器物，在博物馆的展柜中，仿佛脱离了其原本生长的土壤，被赋予了新的意义，甚至被纳入了殖民者的知识体系。我印象最深刻的是关于一些原住民服饰的描述，书中洋洋洒洒地分析了其色彩、纹样，甚至将其与某种“野性”或“神秘”的东方主义想象联系起来。但这番解读，在我看来，恰恰是对台湾本土文化的一种过度解读和简化，模糊了其背后深厚的社会、宗教和生活内涵。 当我试图从书中找到那些真正触动人心的、发自台湾本土的美学表达时，却发现它们常常被淹没在对“西方学术界如何看待”的论述之中。这种“他者”视角的引入，虽然提供了理解这些文物的一种可能性，但也不可避免地带来了某种程度的偏差和异化。我开始质疑，一个被置于异域博物馆中的文物，其“地方美感”是否还能完整地呈现？它的原始语境、它的使用者、它在当地社群中的意义，是否因为被“他者”所收藏和研究，而不可挽回地发生了改变？我更希望看到的是，这本书能够更深入地探讨，这些文物在台湾本土历史中的流传和演变，以及台湾人民自身如何定义和传承他们的美学。目前的呈现方式，让我感觉像是透过一层层滤镜去看待台湾的美，总觉得少了些真实和鲜活。
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