WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

• WTO
• Free Trade Agreements
• International Trade Law
• Regional Trade
• Trade Policy
• WTO Law
• Trade Liberalization
• Economic Integration
• FTAs
• Global Trade
• International Law

　　People often hear the term “WTO-plus”. But they do not fully understand the exact meaning and the legal status of it under the WTO. The book divides FTA provisions into three categories and analyzes WTO-plus issues of different categories. These categories are those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs; those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices; and those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. It is expected that through the analysis of the issues arising from different categories, readers will clearly understand the exact meaning of WTO-plus and the related issues. It is also hoped that the analysis will help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO and to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.

　　许多人都听过WTO-plus这个词，但对该词的真正含意及其在WTO下的法律地位，未必能掌握。本书将自由贸易协定的内容分成三类，亦即（1）GATT对于成立自由贸易协定所要求的内容。（2）WTO所并不要求，但为WTO规范明示允许或未为WTO实务所否定的内容；此种内容可作为最惠国待遇条款之例外。（3）WTO所未涵盖的领域，或虽为WTO所涵盖，但未为WTO所承认得作为最惠国待遇条款之例外。透过分析自由贸易协定此等不同类型的规定，读者应可了解WTO-plus的正确法律上意义以及其衍生的相关问题。本书希望有助于WTO会员将来在WTO之下进行自由贸易协定相关规范的谈判；并相望协助其谈判自由贸易协定的条文以及拟定自由贸易协定的政策。将来如有相关的争端案件，本书亦希望可以作为釐清相关问题的参考。

CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Ⅰ Meaning of WTO-Plus
Ⅱ Reasons to Discuss WTO-Plus Aspects of FTA
Ⅲ Three Categories of FTA Provisions and Their General Relations with WTO: Layout of the Book

CHAPTER 2
NON-PLUS ASPECTS:
CONTENTS NECESSARY FOR THE FORMATION OF FTA
Ⅰ Relations between Plus and Non-plus Aspects
Ⅱ The Authorization to Establish an FTA and the Requirements to Be Qualified as FTA
Ⅲ Elements Necessarily to Be Included in an FTA under GATT 1994

CHAPTER 3
OPTIONAL CONTENTS FOR FTA AS NON-WTO-PLUS: EXCEPTIONS AND TRADE REMEDIES
Ⅰ Those Allowed to Be Excluded from Trade Liberalization under Article XXIV:8
Ⅱ Trade Remedy Rules in FTAs
Ⅲ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article XXIV:8
Ⅳ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies under GATT Article I
Ⅴ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Trade Remedy Rules
Ⅵ Legal Status of FTA Trade Remedies from the Perspective of WTO Appellate Body Reports
Ⅶ Some Remarks on Trade Remedies as Optional Elements of FTA

CHAPTER 4
UNAUTHORIZED WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND TRIPS-PLUS
Ⅰ TRIPS-Plus Provisions Being Commonly Included in FTAs
Ⅱ The Scope of the FTA Exceptions under GATT Article XXIV:5
Ⅲ The Coverage and Standards of TRIPS Agreement
Ⅳ Wider Use of TRIPS-Plus in FTAs and Their Different Types
Ⅴ Provisions Incorporating New Types of Intellectual Property and Their Legal Status
Ⅵ Provisions Giving up Flexibilities and Their Legal Status
Ⅶ Provisions Expanding the Contents of Protection and Their Legal Status
Ⅷ The Extent of TRIPS-Plus in FTA Permitted under the WTO

CHAPTER 5
WTO-PLUS PROVISIONS IN FTA COVERED BY PLURILATERAL AGREEMENT: GPA-PLUS
Ⅰ Government Procurement Matters under WTO
Ⅱ Issues about Whether the Elimination of Restrictive Regulation on Government Procurement is Necessary for Forming an FTA
Ⅲ GPA Provisions Affecting FTA Government Procurement Chapters
Ⅳ Government Procurement Chapters as a GPA-Plus

CHAPTER 6
COMPETITION POLICY AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
THE TREND OF INCLUDING COMPETITION CHAPTER IN FTA
Ⅰ Some Trends of International Aspects of Competition Policy
Ⅱ Earlier FTAs and the Lack of Competition Provisions
Ⅲ The First Comprehensive Competition Chapter in an FTA: NAFTA
Ⅳ More Recent Competition Chapters
Ⅴ Implications of Competition Chapters in FTA
Ⅵ Competition Chapter as a WTO-Plus

CHAPTER 7
INVESTMENT MATTERS AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ Recent Development of BITs and FTAs
Ⅲ Comparison of the Contents of BIT with the Investment Chapter of FTAs
Ⅳ Points to Be Drawn from the Comparison
Ⅴ Policy Choice for the Governments
Ⅵ Investment Chapter as a WTO-Plus

CHAPTER 8
ENVIRONMENT CHAPTER AS A WTO-PLUS IN FTA
Ⅰ Current Multilateral Environmental Protections and Their Limitations
Ⅱ Origin and Reasons of FTA Dealing with Environmental Protection
Ⅲ The Extent of Prevalence for FTAs Containing Environmental Provisions and Their Different Forms
Ⅳ Different Forms for Including Environmental Provisions in FTAs
Ⅴ Elaboration on Some Key Environmental Provisions
Ⅵ Environmental Chapter as a WTO-Plus and Paradigm Shift of Using Multi-bilateral FTAs as the Vehicle to Carry Out the Goal of Environmental Protection

CHAPTER 9
POSSIBLE ADDITIONAL WTO-PLUS IN FTA:
A HEALTH CHAPTER
Ⅰ Introduction
Ⅱ The Requirement of New IHR upon its Members to Engage in International Cooperation
Ⅲ FTA Having Legal Status under the New IHR
Ⅳ FTA and Health Matters
Ⅴ Reasons for FTA to Have a Health Chapter for Public Health Matters
Ⅵ Health Matters that Can Be Covered by an FTA

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

INDEX

PREFACE

　　The term “WTO-plus” is widely used. It is applied in various contexts to reflect the obligations assumed by a country being greater than what are currently imposed or required by the agreements under the WTO. More often it is used to describe the broader coverage of matters by the FTA than those required and covered by relevant WTO agreements. The discussions of this book focus on this aspect.

　　There are basically three categories of the provisions in FTAs: The first category includes those provisions dealing with the matters which are required by the GATT 1994 to be included in the FTAs. If there were no such provisions or contents included, the trade agreements would not be considered as legitimate FTAs under WTO and thus the agreements cannot be the basis for constituent members to depart from the MFN requirements. Provisions concerning tariff elimination and elimination of restrictive regulation of commerce between FTA parties are of this kind. The book discusses the extent that tariffs and other restrictive regulations of commerce are to be eliminated.

　　The second category includes those FTA matters not required by the WTO, but allowed or admitted by explicit WTO provisions or not denied by WTO practices. The matters explicitly allowed to be included in FTAs are those permitted under GATT Articles XI, XII, XIII, XIV, XV and XX. A difficult issue is whether those matters not in this list, especially the antidumping, countervailing and safeguard provisions in FTAs, are also allowed under the WTO. The book discusses the related issues for clarification.

　　The third category includes those matters not covered by the WTO or, although covered by the WTO, not allowed by the WTO to be an exception to the MFN principle. The intellectual property provisions in FTAs are basically the subject covered by the WTO but without specific authorization under the TRIPS Agreement to qualify such provisions in the FTAs as exceptions to the MFN obligation in this agreement. From the perspective that the inclusion of intellectual property protection in FTAs is not required by the WTO, they are WTO-plus provisions. From the perspective that many intellectual protections in FTAs exceed the minimum requirements of the TRIPS Agreement, such provisions are also TRIPS-plus.
The book discusses intellectual property right under FTAs as WTO-plus and TRIPS-plus.
The book will also analyze legal issues concerning GPA-plus issues because of its unique status from WTO perspective. Other WTO-plus issues discussed in this book include those relating to competition, investment, and environmental protection. These are all under the third type of FTA provisions, which can be generally considered as WTO-plus matters. The book will elaborate the plus aspects of FTAs concerning these issues.

　　In addition to those commonly included WTO-plus chapters in the FTAs, the book will also explore about whether it is appropriate to have a health chapter in FTAs to become a positive WTO-plus element.

　The author expects that the book will clarify issues that have not been fully elaborated before so that there will be clear understanding on WTO-plus issues. Hopefully, it would help WTO Members to negotiate further rules on FTAs under the WTO, to formulate their FTA rules and policies concerning the plus aspects, and to help dispute settlement decisions on the related issues.

Chang-fa Lo
At Asian Center for WTO and International Health Law and Policy, National Taiwan University College of Law

这本书的题目《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》真是点出了一个非常关键的议题！尤其对我们台湾的产业界来说，国际贸易协定的动态和它对我们市场准入的影响，简直是每天都在关注的头条。我一直很好奇，这本书会不会深入探讨FTA（自由贸易协定）中的“WTO-Plus”条款，也就是那些超越了WTO基础规则，但又日益成为FTA核心内容的部分。像是服务贸易的更广泛承诺、投资保护的细节、知识产权的强化，乃至于一些新兴领域的规则（比如数字贸易、环境标准等）。我想，如果它能提供一些FTA实际运作中，这些“Plus”条款如何影响各国政策制定，以及企业如何应对的案例分析，那就太有价值了。毕竟，光是知道规则还不够，更重要的是理解规则如何落地，以及它对台湾中小企业、大型跨国公司，甚至是我们未来产业升级的方向能带来什么启发。我期待书中能有对不同类型FTA（例如区域性的、双边的）的比较分析，看看它们在“WTO-Plus”的侧重点上有什么差异，而这些差异又会如何影响我们的贸易伙伴选择和谈判策略。

读到《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》这个书名，脑海中立刻浮现出许多关于贸易谈判的画面。不知道这本书会如何解读“WTO-Plus”这个概念，是仅仅指比WTO协议更宽松、更自由的条款，还是包含了一些更深层次、更具规范性的内容？例如，现代的FTA常常会触及到我们过去不太常在多边贸易体制下看到的议题，像是劳工标准、环境保护、数据流动、国有企业改革等等。如果这本书能把这些“非传统”的贸易议题，以及它们如何在FTA中被纳入并具体化，详细地进行分析，我会觉得相当惊喜。尤其希望它能探讨，这些“Plus”条款在实践中可能引发的争议，以及各国在平衡经济利益与国内政策目标时，是如何权衡取舍的。对于我们台湾来说，如何确保在追求FTA的同时，不损害我们的产业竞争力，又能符合国际社会对可持续发展的期望，这是一个非常重要的问题。书中是否能提供一些跨国比较的视角，看看其他国家是如何处理这些复杂议题的，这将非常有参考价值。

《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》这个书名，让我立刻联想到当前国际贸易体系中一个非常核心且动态的议题。我一直很好奇，自由贸易协定（FTA）中那些超越世界贸易组织（WTO）基本规则的“WTO-Plus”条款，究竟是如何被构建、被谈判，又如何影响着各国的贸易政策和经济发展。这本书的书名，恰恰触及了这一点，我期待它能深入探讨这些“Plus”条款的具体内容，例如在服务贸易自由化方面，是否涵盖了更广泛的领域和更深度的承诺；在投资保护方面，是否引入了更具约束力的机制；在知识产权保护方面，是否设立了更高的标准。我特别关注的是，这些“WTO-Plus”条款在实际操作中，如何影响到像我们台湾这样，高度依赖国际贸易的经济体。书中是否会提供一些案例研究，说明这些条款是如何被各国解读和应用的，以及它们对产业竞争力、市场准入、甚至国家主权可能产生的深远影响。我希望这本书能提供一个清晰的框架，帮助读者理解FTA在当前全球经济格局中的角色和演变。

看到《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》的标题，我脑中立刻闪过许多关于国际贸易规则演变的疑问。过去，WTO一直是全球贸易的基石，但近年来，FTA的蓬勃发展，似乎正在悄悄地重塑着贸易格局。这本书的书名，直接点出了FTA中超越WTO基础协议的“Plus”元素，这让我非常期待它能深入剖析这些新增的、更具规范性的条款。我猜想，这本书会详细讨论在FTA中，那些关于服务贸易更细致的承诺，例如金融、电信、专业服务等领域的准入和国民待遇，以及投资保护条款的深化，包括投资者与国家间争端解决机制（ISDS）的细节。此外，知识产权保护的加强，例如专利、版权、商标等方面的更高标准，以及在数字经济时代，数据跨境流动、网络安全等新兴议题在FTA中的体现，都是我非常想了解的内容。不知道书中是否会包含对这些“Plus”条款，在实际谈判中引发的争议和挑战的分析，以及不同国家在制定和执行这些条款时所采取的策略和考量。

《WTO-Plus In Free Trade Agreements》这个书名，瞬间激起了我对于全球贸易架构下，国家间合作与竞争模式演变的浓厚兴趣。我相信，这本书一定会深入探讨自由贸易协定（FTA）在超越世界贸易组织（WTO）现有规则的基础上，是如何构建更紧密、更具深度的经济关系的。我非常好奇，书中会如何解析“WTO-Plus”的内涵，是否会聚焦于那些在FTA中被重点强调，但WTO框架下可能相对模糊或未被充分规范的领域，例如：更广泛的市场开放承诺（包括服务业和投资）、知识产权保护的升级、竞争政策的协调、以及新兴的数字贸易规则。对我而言，了解这些“Plus”条款的具体条文，以及它们在不同FTA中的变体，是至关重要的。特别是，我希望能看到书中对这些条款的实施效果进行评估，分析它们对参与国经济增长、产业结构调整以及消费者福利可能产生的正面和负面影响。这本书是否能提供一些实际案例，说明企业如何利用或规避FTA中的“WTO-Plus”条款来制定其国际化战略？