Climate Change Liability and Beyond pdf epub mobi txt 电子书 下载 2025

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图书标签:

• Climate Change
• Liability
• Environmental Law
• Climate Litigation
• Corporate Responsibility
• Sustainability
• Environmental Justice
• Risk Management
• Policy
• International Law

Climate change and its adverse impacts on nature and human society are clearly felt. Who should bear the responsibility? Should anyone be held liable for grave losses and damages related to climate change? In what way and to what extent can these issues be addressed in legal mechanisms both globally and locally? Will an international liability regime an ultimate solution? Are courts ready for and capable of resolving these disputes that find intricacy of law, policy and science?

　　To shed light on these issues, this book is structured with four main themes on the discussions of climate change liability and related mechanisms. They are: 1) state liability and responsibility, 2) climate change litigation, 3) climate change liability and alternatives, and 4) dispute resolution and remedies. Reflections on the concepts of liability/responsibly/accountability have provided for nuanced understandings of their functional dynamics in climate change governance. Our findings also suggest that International and domestic courts have become a vital player in attribution or distribution of climate change liability. In addition to formalistic rights discourse and rigid liability regime, a few alternatives such as carbon market, insurance, mediation or soft law are also finding their ways to ensuring sustainability of climate change governance.
 

气候之殇：全球环境治理的法律与政治博弈 本书简介 气候变化，无疑是人类文明当前面临的最严峻、最复杂的挑战。它不再是遥远的科学预测，而是切切实实的洪水、干旱、极端天气和资源短缺，深刻地重塑着全球的政治格局、经济结构和社会生活。《气候之殇：全球环境治理的法律与政治博弈》深入剖析了自《京都议定书》签署以来，国际社会为应对气候危机所采取的法律框架、政治机制及其内在的张力与困境。本书旨在提供一个多维度的分析视角，考察气候治理体系的演变、主要行动者的策略选择，以及新兴的法律工具在推动或阻碍减缓和适应行动中的作用。 第一部分：全球气候治理的演进与结构性挑战 本部分着重于气候治理的宏观历史脉络与基本框架的构建。我们首先回顾了联合国气候变化框架公约（UNFCCC）从最初的愿景设定到《巴黎协定》的里程碑式突破。重点分析了“共同但有区别的责任”（CBDR）原则在不同历史阶段的解释与应用，以及它如何成为发达国家与发展中国家之间持续博弈的核心症结。 我们详细探讨了《巴黎协定》的“自下而上”模式（NDC 机制）相对于传统“自上而下”的自愿承诺体系的优势与局限。尽管 NDC 提供了更大的灵活性和更广泛的参与度，但其固有的“雄心不足”和“执行不力”的风险，构成了全球减排目标实现的主要障碍。本书将考察数据如何揭示当前各国自主贡献（NDCs）与实现《巴黎协定》将全球升温控制在 1.5°C 或 2°C 目标之间的巨大差距。 此外，本部分也剖析了气候治理体系中的“治理赤字”问题。由于气候变化超越了传统主权国家的管辖范围，缺乏一个强有力的全球执行机构来强制各国履行承诺。这导致了治理的碎片化，不同层级（国际、区域、国家、地方）之间的协调难度极大。我们特别关注了多边主义在气候议题上受到的民族主义和保护主义思潮的冲击，以及这如何影响了关键的国际谈判进程。 第二部分：法律工具的边界与效能 气候变化的法律维度是本书的核心关注点之一。我们不再仅仅停留在国际条约的文本分析，而是深入探究了现有法律工具在实际操作中的复杂性。 2.1 诉讼的兴起与“气候问责制”的构建 本章详细分析了近年来全球范围内“气候诉讼”的爆炸性增长。不同于传统的环境诉讼，现代气候诉讼的目标更为宏大——旨在迫使政府和大型企业承担气候行动的法律责任。我们分类研究了不同类型的诉讼： 基于人权法的诉讼： 考察了原告如何援引生命权、健康权和环境权，挑战政府的气候不作为政策。例如，对欧洲国家和某些发展中国家（如乌尔斯泰·法尔斯案）的判决如何确立了国家在保护公民免受气候风险方面的积极义务。 基于侵权法和普通法的诉讼： 重点分析了针对高排放跨国能源公司的诉讼策略，特别是那些试图将气候损害归咎于特定公司活动的企业责任追究案件。本书探讨了这些诉讼在证据要求、因果关系证明和司法管辖权方面的巨大挑战。 基于宪法审查的诉讼： 探讨了特定国家（如德国、荷兰）的宪法法院如何通过审查立法是否符合代际公平原则，从而间接推动了更严格的减排目标。 本书批判性地评估了气候诉讼的局限性，包括其“象征性胜利”的风险、漫长的司法程序对紧急行动的滞后性，以及不同司法管辖区对气候科学和经济影响的不同接受程度。 2.2 市场化工具的公平性反思 碳排放交易系统（ETS）和碳定价机制是减缓气候变化的重要市场化手段。本部分对全球主要碳市场的运行机制进行了深入的比较分析，包括欧盟 ETS、中国全国碳市场以及区域性的碳限制体系。 我们重点讨论了碳泄漏（Carbon Leakage）的风险及其对国际贸易的影响。特别是，欧盟的“碳边境调节机制”（CBAM）被置于聚光灯下。本书认为，CBAM 虽然旨在平衡国内减排成本，但其在 WTO 框架下的合法性、对发展中国家出口的潜在歧视性影响，以及它可能引发的贸易摩擦，使这一法律工具充满了政治争议。我们探讨了如何设计更具包容性和公平性的碳定价机制，以避免加剧全球南北发展差距。 第三部分：不确定性时代的适应与损失与损害（L&D） 随着全球升温不可避免地加剧，适应（Adaptation）和损失与损害（Loss and Damage, L&D）已成为气候治理中日益紧迫的议题。本部分关注法律和政治如何应对气候变化带来的不可逆转的后果。 3.1 适应融资的法律鸿沟 适应气候变化需要大量的、可预测的资金，但与减缓融资相比，适应融资长期处于“资金缺口”状态。本书分析了绿色气候基金（GCF）等机制在资源动员和分配上的法律障碍和政治偏见。我们考察了“适应性要求”如何融入国家自主贡献（NDCs）和国家适应计划（NAPs）的法律结构中，并评估了这些计划的法律强制力。 一个关键的讨论点是“适应性阈值”和“不可逆转的损失”的法律界定。当损害超出国家或社区的适应能力时，法律责任应如何划分？本书认为，现有法律框架对于界定“不可适应”的损失显得力不从心。 3.2 损失与损害基金（L&D Fund）的建立与未来 在最近的 COP 会议上，最终确立的“损失与损害基金”标志着一个历史性的转折点。本章详细梳理了 L&D 议题从边缘化到核心化的政治博弈过程，分析了发达国家在设立该基金时所坚持的“自愿性”原则与发展中国家要求的“责任制”原则之间的妥协。 我们对基金的治理结构、资金来源的法律约束力、资金的分配标准（特别是如何区分“损失”与“适应”）进行了深入的法律和政治经济学分析。本书认为，该基金的成功与否，将取决于未来如何将这一突破性的政治承诺转化为具有法律约束力和可持续性的融资机制，并如何平衡历史责任与未来需求。 结论：迈向更具韧性和正义的气候未来 《气候之殇》总结认为，气候治理是一场持续的、多层次的法律与政治的“拉锯战”。尽管国际合作在《巴黎协定》下取得了显著的结构性进展，但当前的法律和政治工具在应对气候危机的速度和规模上仍显滞后。未来的气候治理必须在坚持科学紧迫性的同时，更有效地整合诉讼、监管和市场机制，并在减缓、适应和损失与损害之间建立起一个更具代际和全球正义的法律框架。本书呼吁政策制定者和法律从业者超越传统的主权思维，构建一个真正具有韧性和公平性的全球气候安全体系。

作者简介

Anne-Sophie Tabau

　　Anne-Sophie Tabau is Professor in public law at the University of Reunion Island (France). Her research focuses primarily on the climate change regime at the international, European and local levels. She also teaches general international, European and administrative law.

Bin-Hui Wang

　　Bin-Hui Wang is Professor at Hunan Normal University College of Law. Her teaching and research focuses are primarily on environmental law and legislative science.

Chun-Yuan Lin

　　Chun-Yuan Lin is Assistant Professor of Chung Yuan Christian University School of Law. His academic research mainly focuses on constitutional law, environmental law, climate change law, and administrative law.

Hsin-Chun Wang

　　Hsin-Chun Wang is Professor at National Taiwan University College of Law. His research interests are insurance law and regulation, insurance and competition law, regulation of financial market, alternative risk transfer and insurance regulation, and compulsory liability insurance.

Jian Ke

　　Jian Ke is Professor and Doctorate Supervisor at Wuhan University Research Institute of Environmental Law. He also serves as Vice Secretary-General in Chinese Society of Environmental Law. His teaching and research focuses are primarily on foreign and comparative environmental law and Chinese environmental law.

Jiunn-rong Yeh

　　Jiunn-rong Yeh is University Chair Professor at National Taiwan University College of Law. Beginning in May 2016, he also serves as Minister of the Interior in the government. He has taught in many overseas universities such as Harvard University, Duke University, University of Toronto, and University of Melbourne. His teaching and research focuses are primarily on comparative constitutions, environmental law, and administrative law.

Kai Wu

　　Kai Wu is joint Ph.D. Candidate at University of California, Berkeley, School of Law and Peking University Law School. He also serves as a research assistant at the Resource, Energy and Environmental Law Institute and the Fiscal and Tax Law Center of Peking University. His research focuses are primarily on environmental law, tax law, and administrative law.

Li Luo

　　Li Luo is Professor at Beijing Institute of Technology School of Law. She also serves as a legislative expert of National People’s Congress Environmental and Resources Protection Committee, and Ministry of Environmental Protection of “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Prevention and Control of soil Pollution (Draft).” Her teaching and research focuses are environmental law, energy law, and civil law.

Marion Lemoine

　　Marion Lemoine received her Ph.D. in public law (2013 Aix-Marseille University) and is Researcher at the French National Centre for Scientific Research—CNRS (2015) in the Western Institute of Europe and Law (IODE - UMR 6262) at Rennes 1 University in France. Her researches address the evolutions of international law in the framework of the UNFCCC negotiations on climate change. She also works on normative dimensions of global law, and has taught environmental law, international law, and European Union Law.

Sandrine Maljean-Dubois

　　Sandrine Maljean-Dubois is Researcher at the CNRS. She teaches international environmental law at the Faculty of Law and Political Sciences of Aix-Marseille University. She has authored/edited several books and a large number of articles in this field, focusing in particular on biodiversity, non-compliance mechanisms, and climate change negotiations.

Vanessa Richard

　　Vanessa Richard is a tenure CNRS researcher at the Faculty of Law of Aix-Marseille University (France) and the Principal Investigator of the International Grievance Mechanisms and International Law & Governance (IGMs) project, ERC Grant No. 312514. Her researches mainly focus on international legal accountability, international environmental law, and international freshwater law.

Wen-Chen Chang

　　Wen-Chen Chang is Professor at National Taiwan University College of Law and Director of the Policy and Law Center for Environmental Sustainability in National Taiwan University College of Law. She focuses her researches on comparative constitutions, international human rights, environmental law, public law and regulation, and law and society.

Wen-Chen Shih

　　Wen-Chen Shih is Professor of Law at the Department of International Business, National Chengchi University. Her teaching and research focuses are international economic and trade law, and international environmental law. She serves as legal consultant to many governmental agencies on trade and environment related issues.

Yann Kerbrat

　　Yann Kerbrat is Professor of International Law at the Sorbonne Law School (Université Paris 1, Panthéon-Sorbonne). He is Director of the Sorbonne Research Institute for International and European Law. He was previously Professor of International Law at the Aix-Marseille University. His teaching and research focuses are primarily on public international Law and international environmental law.
 

Contributors
Preface
 
Introduction
Climate Change: From Mitigation, to Adaptation, and to Liability and Beyond / Jiunn-rong Yeh
 
Part I　State Liability and Responsibility
International Litigation and State Liability for Environmental Damages: Recent Evolutions and Perspectives / Sandrine Maljean-Dubois
State Responsibility and Liability for Climate Change Induced Environmental Damages / Yann Kerbrat
Climate Change and Reconfiguration of Environmental Liability Regime: Towards a Global Regulatory Approach / Jiunn-rong Yeh
Mind the (Justiciability) Gap: Non-judicial Remedies and International Legal Accountability for Environmental Damages / Vanessa Richard
 
Part II　Climate Change Litigation
Institutional Leverage of International Human Rights: Discourse in the Age of Climate Change / Wen-Chen Chang
Climate Change Adaptation Through Administrative Litigation? The Experience of Taiwan / Chun-Yuan Lin
Reflection and Reconstruction on the Civil Liability System of Environmental Tort in China / Li Luo
On the Construction of Environmental Public Interest Litigation System in China: Review on the New Fifty-fifth in Chinese Law of Civil Procedures / Bin-Hui Wang
 
Part III　Climate Change Liability and Alternatives
Adaption to Climate Change and Insurance Mechanism: A Feasible Proposal Based on a Catastrophe Insurance Model / Hsin-Chun Wang
Opportunities & Challenges: Creating a Carbon Emission Reduction Trade Market in China / Jian Ke & Kai Wu
 
Part IV　Dispute Resolution and Remedies
A Complaint System Under the Climate Change Financial Mechanism: Using the GEF and CDM as Examples / Wen-Chen Shih
The Dispute Settlement Within the Kyoto Protocol CDM / Marion Lemoine
The Role of Experts Within the Control of the Climate Change Regime Implementation / Anne-Sophie Tabau
 

Preface

　　Climate change challenges are upon all of us living in this global village. Prompt actions must be undertaken. This book represents one such effort of us as law scholars to contemplate about climate change and its adverse impacts from the perspective of liability and related mechanisms. In November 2012, we held two workshops—one in Shanghai and the other in Taipei—with four collaborating academic institutions including National Taiwan University College of Law, National Cheng-chi University College of Law, Shanghai Academy of Social Science, and Aix-Marseille University Faculty of Law. Most chapters of this book grew out from these two workshops and underwent substantial revisions afterwards.

　　The process of publication, however, took longer than we had expected. Although not all of the chapters are updated with new developments, quite a few do include discussions of most recent progresses in global or local climate change governance, for example, the 2015 Paris Agreement. Three chapters of this book are published or translated elsewhere: Hsin-Chun Wang (2014), Adaptation to Climate Change and Insurance Mechanism: A Feasible Proposal Based on a Catastrophe Insurance Model for Taiwan, National Taiwan University Law Review, 9(2), 317-343; Wen-Chen Shih (2015), A Complaint System Under the Climate Change Financial Mechanism: Using the GEF and the CDM as Examples, Carbon & Climate Law Review, 9(1), 55-67; Sandrine Maljean-Dubois (2017), International Litigation and State Liability for Environmental Damages: Recent Evolutions and Perspectives, Kankyoho Kenkyu, Vol. 7, Shinzansha Publisher Co. (In Japanese).

　　Last but not the least, we are very grateful to those who made their efforts and shared their time in making this book a reality. Our most sincere thanks must be extended to our dear colleague, Professor Yao-Ming Hsu at National Cheng-chi University College of Law, who generously helped us connect and communicate with our colleagues in France. Special thanks also go to our assistants and students at National Taiwan University College of Law, who helped tremendously along the way. They are Yen-Lun Tseng, In-Lon Lei, Szu-Chen Kuo, Pei-Jung Li, Ju-Ching Huang, Jo-Tzu Ma, Yi-Lu Ko, Wen-Hao Zheng, Tzu-Ying Kuo, Yu-Hsiu Cheng, Yan-Ting Lin and Fan-I Chia.
 

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这本书最吸引我的地方在于它跳脱了传统环保书籍的框架，将气候变迁视为一个复杂的法律和社会问题来探讨。作者并没有一味地强调气候变迁的危害，而是着重分析了气候变迁责任的归属和追究机制。这让我觉得非常新颖和具有启发性。身为在台湾的民众，我们常常听到关于气候变迁的警告，但很少有人真正思考过谁应该为气候变迁负责。这本书让我意识到，气候变迁不仅仅是自然现象，更是人类活动的结果。那些长期以来依赖化石燃料的工业国家和企业，应该承担更大的责任。书中对于气候诉讼的案例分析让我印象深刻。我了解到，越来越多的个人和组织开始通过法律途径来追究气候变迁责任，这是一种非常有意义的尝试。然而，气候诉讼也面临着许多挑战，例如举证困难、管辖权问题等。作者对于这些挑战进行了深入的探讨，并提出了相应的解决方案。书中对于“气候正义”的讨论也让我深思。作者指出，气候变迁对弱势群体的影响最大，因此在应对气候变迁的过程中，必须优先考虑他们的利益。这对于像台湾这样社会不平等的国家来说，是一个非常重要的问题。

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读完这本关于气候变迁责任与超越的书，我内心五味杂陈。作为在台湾长大的我，对于气候变迁的感受特别深刻。从小到大，我们习惯了丰沛的雨水，但近年来却越来越频繁地经历着干旱和极端天气。这本书让我意识到，气候变迁不仅仅是环境议题，更是一个深刻的社会正义问题。作者从法律的角度切入，探讨了气候变迁责任的归属，这对我来说是一个全新的视角。过去我总是觉得气候变迁是全人类的责任，但这本书让我明白，某些国家和企业在造成气候变迁方面负有更大的责任，他们应该承担相应的义务。书中对于“超越”的讨论也让我深思，仅仅追究责任是不够的，更重要的是如何建立一个更公平、更可持续的未来。作者提出的各种解决方案，例如碳定价、绿色金融等，都值得我们深入思考。尤其让我印象深刻的是书中对于气候难民的讨论，这对于像台湾这样容易受到气候变迁影响的岛屿国家来说，是一个迫在眉睫的问题。这本书并非只是学术探讨，它更是一份呼吁行动的宣言，提醒我们每个人都应该为应对气候变迁贡献一份力量。读完之后，我开始反思自己的生活方式，并尝试做出一些改变，例如减少碳排放、支持环保产品等。

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说实话，这本书读起来有点吃力。作者的用词和论述都相当专业，对于没有相关背景的读者来说，可能需要花费一些时间才能理解。不过，一旦进入状态，就会发现这本书的价值所在。它并非只是简单地罗列气候变迁的事实和数据，而是深入探讨了气候变迁背后的政治、经济和社会因素。我特别感兴趣的是书中对于“气候责任分摊”的讨论。作者指出，不同国家和地区在造成气候变迁方面负有不同的责任，因此在分摊减排成本方面也应该有所区别。这对于像台湾这样经济规模较小、但人口密度较高的国家来说，是一个非常重要的问题。我们既要承担减排的义务，也要争取国际社会的理解和支持。书中对于气候适应策略的讨论也很有价值。作者强调，即使我们能够成功地减缓气候变迁的速度，仍然需要采取措施来适应已经发生的变化。这对于像台湾这样容易受到自然灾害影响的岛屿国家来说，是一个至关重要的课题。书中对于科技创新的讨论也让我充满希望。作者认为，科技创新可以为我们提供应对气候变迁的新工具和新方法。然而，科技创新也需要资金和政策的支持。总而言之，这本书是一部具有挑战性，但同时也充满启发性的著作。

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这本书的架构相当严谨，从历史的脉络出发，细致地梳理了气候变迁议题的演变，再深入探讨了相关的法律框架和国际协议。作者对于不同学派的观点进行了充分的呈现和分析，避免了单一视角的偏颇。我尤其欣赏作者对于“气候正义”概念的阐释，它不仅仅关乎公平分配减缓和适应气候变迁的成本，更关乎保护弱势群体的权利，确保他们不会成为气候变迁的牺牲品。身为在台湾的公民，我常常思考台湾在应对气候变迁方面所扮演的角色。我们既是受害者，也可能是加害者。一方面，我们面临着海平面上升、极端天气等威胁；另一方面，我们的经济发展也依赖于高碳排放的产业。这本书让我意识到，台湾需要制定更积极的气候政策，并加强国际合作，才能有效地应对气候变迁的挑战。书中对于气候诉讼的案例分析也很有启发性，它表明法律可以成为推动气候行动的重要工具。然而，气候诉讼也面临着许多挑战，例如举证困难、管辖权问题等。作者对于这些挑战进行了深入的探讨，并提出了相应的解决方案。总而言之，这本书是一部内容丰富、观点深刻、论证严谨的佳作，它不仅对于法律学者和政策制定者具有参考价值，也对于每一个关心气候变迁议题的读者具有启发意义。

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这本书读起来像是一场思想的旅行，它带领我从气候变迁的科学认知，一路深入到法律、伦理和政治的复杂纠葛。作者的文笔流畅而富有感染力，即使是对于气候变迁议题不太了解的读者，也能轻松地理解其中的含义。我特别欣赏作者对于“超越”的思考。作者认为，仅仅追究气候变迁的责任是不够的，更重要的是如何建立一个更公平、更可持续的未来。这需要我们改变传统的思维方式和生活方式，并采取更加积极的行动。身为在台湾的公民，我常常感到无力。气候变迁是一个全球性的问题，个人的力量似乎微不足道。然而，这本书让我意识到，每一个人的行动都至关重要。我们可以从改变自己的生活习惯开始，例如减少碳排放、支持环保产品等。我们也可以参与到气候行动中，例如参加环保组织、向政府施压等。书中对于气候适应策略的讨论也让我受益匪浅。作者强调，即使我们能够成功地减缓气候变迁的速度，仍然需要采取措施来适应已经发生的变化。这对于像台湾这样容易受到自然灾害影响的岛屿国家来说，是一个迫在眉睫的问题。总而言之，这本书是一部充满智慧和希望的佳作，它不仅让我对气候变迁有了更深入的了解，也激励我为应对气候变迁贡献一份力量。