A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery

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图书标签:
  • Chinese Linguistics
  • Cultural Interaction
  • Linguistic Contact
  • Sociolinguistics
  • Language Variation
  • Historical Linguistics
  • China
  • Language and Culture
  • Interdisciplinary Studies
  • Applied Linguistics
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具体描述

This study is an attempt to reorient the field of Chinese linguistics from the perspective of the new field of cultural interaction studies. The author, approaching Chinese linguistics from the periphery, examines such topics as the spread of Western learning and linguistic contact and Westerners’ study of Chinese: He studies materials produced by Western missionaries and Ryukyuan materials to show the validity and usefulness of Chinese linguistics in the field of cultural interaction studies. In addition, he looks at cultural interaction through illustrations.
好的,以下是一份关于一本不包含《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》内容的、详细的图书简介: --- 书籍名称:《全球化时代的技术伦理:人工智能、生物工程与社会责任的重塑》 图书简介 【导言:重塑人类未来的双刃剑】 在二十一世纪的第二个十年,人类正以前所未有的速度迈入一个由尖端科技驱动的全新纪元。从深度学习算法主导的决策系统,到基因编辑技术对生命蓝图的干预,再到量子计算对信息安全的彻底颠覆,当代科技的发展速度已经远远超越了既有的伦理框架和法律体系的承载能力。本书《全球化时代的技术伦理:人工智能、生物工程与社会责任的重塑》,正是在这一历史的十字路口,对当前最前沿、最具颠覆性的技术领域进行了系统性的伦理审视与社会责任剖析。 本书摒弃了以往技术伦理研究中常见的对单一技术分支的孤立分析,转而采用一种跨学科的综合视角,深入探讨了人工智能(AI)、合成生物学和大数据治理这三大支柱技术如何在相互作用中重塑人类的社会结构、个人权利乃至物种的未来。我们的核心论点是:缺乏前瞻性伦理约束的技术进步,将不可避免地加剧现存的社会不平等,并可能引发不可逆转的系统性风险。 【第一部分:人工智能的“黑箱”与决策的公正性】 第一部分聚焦于当前最受关注的领域——人工智能。我们不再停留在讨论“强人工智能”的哲学思辨,而是将焦点集中于“弱人工智能”在现实世界中的落地应用及其伦理阴影。 1. 算法偏见与社会再生产: 本章通过对金融信贷评估、刑事司法预测(如COMPAS系统)和招聘筛选算法的案例研究,揭示了“数据偏见”如何通过机器学习模型被固化、放大,并系统性地歧视特定社会群体。我们详细分析了偏见是如何从历史数据中汲取养分,最终形成一种“自动化不公”的现代形态。 2. 可解释性(XAI)的伦理边界: 随着深度神经网络模型日益复杂,理解其决策过程变得愈发困难。本书深入探讨了“黑箱问题”的伦理后果,特别是当AI的决策直接关系到人的生命、自由或重大利益时(例如自动驾驶事故或医疗诊断)。我们提出了一个“责任可追溯性框架”,探讨在机器决策失误时,开发者、用户与监管者之间责任的合理分配机制。 3. 劳动力的重构与“意义危机”: 本部分探讨了AI自动化对中产阶级职业的冲击,不仅仅关注失业率的上升,更深入探究了当大量认知劳动被机器取代后,人类社会如何重新定义“工作”与“价值”。我们讨论了普遍基本收入(UBI)在伦理层面的合理性,以及如何通过教育和公共政策来应对大规模“去技能化”带来的社会意义危机。 【第二部分:生命工程的边界:合成生物学与人类能性】 本书的第二部分将目光投向了生物技术,特别是基因编辑(CRISPR-Cas9技术)和合成生物学。这些技术不仅允许我们“修复”疾病,更赋予了人类“设计”生命的能力。 1. 从治疗到增强:代际伦理的挑战: 我们对“生殖系编辑”(Germline Editing)进行了深入的伦理剖析。本书强调,对不可遗传的体细胞进行编辑(如治疗镰刀型细胞贫血)与对胚胎进行编辑(影响后代的基因库)之间存在着巨大的伦理鸿沟。我们详细分析了“设计婴儿”的潜在社会后果——从加剧医疗资源不平等,到形成新的“基因贵族”阶层。 2. 生物安全与“生态风险”: 合成生物学使得设计具有特定功能的微生物成为可能。本书探讨了如何平衡推动生物医药进步与防范“意外泄漏”或“恶意设计”的生物武器风险。我们详细考察了全球生物安全协议的不足之处,并提出了“去中心化生物制造的风险评估模型”。 3. 人类的“能性”(Human Flourishing)与自然界限: 本章哲学性地探讨了人类是否拥有定义自身进化的权利。我们借鉴了雅斯贝尔斯和乔纳斯的安全伦理学思想,审视当人类掌握了修改自身物种属性的能力时,对“何为人”这一基本概念产生的冲击。 【第三部分:大数据、监控资本主义与公民自由的拉锯战】 第三部分探讨了驱动前两者的信息基础设施——大数据采集与分析,及其对个人自由和政治生态的深刻影响。 1. 监控资本主义的权力结构: 借鉴哈拉维和祖博夫的理论,本书深入分析了科技巨头如何将人类的经验转化为可预测的行为数据流,并将其货币化。我们关注的焦点在于这种“数据提取”的非对称性权力关系,以及它如何绕过传统的市场监管,形成一种新型的社会控制机制。 2. 隐私权在数字时代的解构: 传统的“知情同意”原则在面对无处不在的传感器和算法分析时已显疲态。本书提出,我们需要从消极的“不干涉”隐私观,转向积极的“数据自主权”(Data Sovereignty)框架,赋予个体对其数字画像的更强控制力。 3. 信息茧房与民主的侵蚀: 算法推荐系统虽然提升了用户体验,但也构成了对公共讨论空间的碎片化。我们分析了虚假信息和极端化内容如何通过算法被优先推送,从而威胁到社会共识的形成和代议制民主的有效运作。 【结论:面向未来的治理框架与社会责任】 本书的结论部分汇集了前述的分析,旨在提供一个具有实践指导意义的“技术治理路线图”。我们主张,未来的监管不应是滞后的反应,而必须是前瞻性、跨国界且适应性强的。这包括建立独立于商业利益的“技术影响评估机构”,推行“设计即伦理”(Ethics by Design)的工程标准,以及在全球范围内促进关于技术共享和风险共担的对话。 《全球化时代的技术伦理》不仅仅是对当前科技挑战的批判性反思,更是一份对人类未来负责任的行动宣言。它旨在启发政策制定者、工程师、哲学家以及每一个生活在这个技术加速时代中的公民,共同参与到对我们共同未来的伦理塑造之中。 --- (本书面向读者:对人工智能、生物技术、社会学、政治哲学及公共政策感兴趣的专业人士、研究人员及具有前瞻思维的普通读者。)

著者信息

作者简介

Keiichi Uchida

  Dr. Keiichi Uchida (内田庆市) is Director of the Institute of Oriental and Occidental Studies, Kansai University, Japan. His areas of specialization are Chinese linguistics and cultural interaction studies.

图书目录

Introduction: A Peripheral Approach to Chinese Linguistics as a Contribution to the Study of Cultural Interaction

Part I: Studies of Chinese in the Periphery

Chapter 1: The Value and Possibilities of Modern Western Studies of Chinese, with a Focus on Mandarin

Chapter 2: Modern Westerners’ Views of Chinese Style

Chapter 3: The Development of Modern Westerners’ Terms for Chinese Parts of Speech

Chapter  4: Morrison’s Grammar and Views on Translation

Chapter 5: The Grammar of Crawford’s Mandarin Grammar, a Milestone in Nineteenth-Century Studies of Chinese Grammar

Chapter 6: Chinese Studies of Grammar prior to Ma’s Guide to the Written Language: Bi Huazhen’s Division of Parts of Speech in Notes from Yanxu Cottage

Chapter 7: Thomas Wade’s Progressive Course

Chapter 8: Pidgin: A Feature of Contact between Cultures of Different Languages

Chapter 9: Wenyutang and Its Business Partners

Chapter 10: The Days of the Week in Modern Chinese

Chapter 11: The Chinese Bible Used by Robert Morrison: A Newly Discovered Manuscript of the New Testament Translated by Jean Basset

Part II: Modern Cultural Interaction between East and West as Seen from Illustrations

Chapter 12: “Zixingche”: The Chinese Word for Bicycle

Chapter 13: An 1890 Amusement Park and Its Roller Coaster (“Zixingche”)

Chapter 14: The Life of Christ, Sinicized

Chapter 15: The Origins of Chinese Comic Strips

Chapter 16: Aesop’s Fables in The Child’s Paper, from New Sources

Chapter 17: Left versus Right in Chinese Illustrations of the Colossus of Rhodes

Chapter 18: The Words for Portrait and Chemistry in China

Chapter 19: Bulletproof Vests, No Less

Chapter 20: The First Iron Man?

Chapter 21: Manchu and Mongolian Pamphlets

Chapter 22: Clock Towers: Notes on Expressing the Time in Modern Chinese

Chapter 23: The Arrival of X-Ray Technology in China

Bibliography of Major Works

Origins of the Essays

List of Figures

图书序言

序论

Introduction: A Peripheral Approach to Chinese Linguistics as a Contribution to the Study of Cultural Interaction

  The notion of the studyof cultural interaction in East Asia is not yet well rooted in society, but the group to which I belong, the Institute for Cultural Interaction Studies at Kansai University (a 2007 Global Center of Excellence program of the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology) seeks to establish this field of study as a new framework for studying East Asia. Our basic understanding of the content of this framework is as follows.

  Traditionally, the study of cultural interaction, for instance, the study of the history of Sino-Japanese interaction, was conducted within a national framework involving two countries and in the various fields of study, such as linguistics, thought, ethnography, religion, literature, and history. Consequently, knowledge was compartmentally accumulated in separate journals and publications, with the result that there was a lack of understanding of the complete picture of cultural interaction. Our new framework for studying cultural interaction, in contrast, seeks to transcend nations and separate fields of study. It presupposes that East Asia is a complex cultural unit requiring us to look at the development, spread, transmission, and content of culture within the whole region, in order to clarify the total picture of East Asian cultural interaction from a multiperspective, comprehensive point of view.

  And to establish our new framework of study, one of the methods we use is the peripheral approach. But as we are using the notion, “periphery” refers to more than the geographical periphery. The relationship of periphery and center can also be found in various fields of academic study, such as the field of Chinese linguistics. Moreover, the relation between periphery and center is not fixed; rather, the boundary between periphery and center is flexible and varies over time—a possibility that we must bear in mind.

  This great effort at creating a framework for studying cultural interaction has, of course, just begun, and our present multidisciplinary frame of reference does not offer a single answer to the question of just what the field of cultural-interaction studies is. Going forward, we must engage in discussion to accumulate concrete results that can support a new framework for studying intercultural interaction. What this work seeks to offer is an example of a solution to this challenge from the perspective of the field of Chinese linguistics.

  1 An Approach from the Periphery

  When we look at only the center of a phenomenon, we often cannot grasp its true nature. The eye of a typhoon is calm, while the winds are raging on the periphery. Traditional sayings have put the matter well. In Japan we have the saying “It is dark at the base of the candlestick” 灯台下暗し, and also the saying “[In the game of go] the onlooker can see eight moves in advance”冈目八目. Moreover, the Chinese have the sayings “The go player is at a loss while the onlooker is clear” 当局者迷,旁观者清and “One does not see the true face of Mt. Lu when one is on the mountain” 不识庐山真面目,只缘身在此山中.

  The relation between periphery and center can be considered from various perspectives. One such perspective is that of Zhu Dexi 朱德熙, who speaks of “comparative contrasts”:

  Q  What are the special features of Chinese grammar? I have always been puzzledby this question. May I ask your opinion here?

  A  Special features become clear in the comparison. If there is no comparison, there are no special features. Hence, if you ask what the special features of Chinese grammar are, you first have to specify what language you are going to compare Chinese to. (1985, p. 2)

  Yet today’s scholarly research is increasingly segmented, with the result that while scholars might be able to handle the minute details of some particular phenomenon, they are at a loss to present an overview of the whole. In the field of Chinese grammar as well, research on a particular phenomenon is becoming increasingly subtle. While this is progress of a sort, systematic discussions of the whole of Chinese grammar are being neglected. The situation is one where scholars delve directly into such matters as the acceptability of having了twice in a predicate, the nature of the progressive 在, the circumstances when 的is necessary and when it is not, and the distinction between a verbal complement and a conjoined adjective (details that admittedly need elucidating), while neglecting to explain such basic notions as those of a sentence, a subject, or a predicate. Even more important, such basic questions as what is language are omitted. Missing is a view of language, or even a view of the world, to exaggerate. Can this really be called progress?

  Recently, interdisciplinary and extradisciplinary studies have become quite popular. Though this is to be expected, interdisciplinary studies cannot be the established paradigm from the start. After all, interdisciplinary studies are possible only after specialized fields of study have become established. We must remember that interdisciplinary and extradisciplinary studies not based on specialized fields of study lack roots.

  In any case, for over ten years we have advocated this peripheral approach and have carried out research in Chinese linguistics based on this approach. Below I will again present my views as to the validity of this approach in linguistic research, and in particular, in research on grammar.

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《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》这个书名,瞬间就勾起了我的好奇心,尤其是我作为一个台湾人,更能体会到“边缘”这个概念的意义。我们生活在中华文化圈的边缘,但同时又深受其影响,这种位置本身就充满了戏剧性。我一直觉得,台湾的语言,与其说是“标准”汉语的一个分支,不如说是一个独立演化、吸收了多方养分、最终形成独特风格的语言生态。这本书的题目,让我感觉作者很有可能是在挑战一种传统的、以“中心”为标准的语言学研究方法,而是从那些被认为“非主流”的区域入手,去发掘汉语更丰富、更多元的面貌。我期待书中能够有对具体文化交流和语言接触案例的深入探讨,比如,在历史上,台湾与东南亚、日本、甚至更远地方的文化交流,是如何在语言层面留下痕迹的?会不会有对台湾本土语言(如闽南语、客家语)与国语之间互动产生的语言现象的分析?这本书的价值,我觉得在于它能提供一个新的思考维度,让我们认识到,语言的发展并非总是笔直向前,而是在各种碰撞和融合中不断丰富和创新的。它或许能让我们对自己的语言产生更深刻的理解,也能让我们看到汉语在全球化背景下更广阔的未来。

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我拿到这本书的时候,首先吸引我的是它那个有点“反骨”的书名——《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》。听起来就像是在说,我们平时学的那些“标准”的中国语言学,是不是忽略了太多东西?尤其是在我们台湾,语言的演变从来都不是一条直线,而是充满了各种交织和碰撞。想想看,几百年前就有闽南人、客家人过来,带来了他们的方言;日治时期,日语的渗透也不容忽视;国民政府迁台后,国语成了官方语言,但底层闽南语的生命力依旧旺盛;近年来,随着全球化的深入,英语的影响更是无处不在。这些“边缘”的文化和语言接触,究竟在塑造我们今天的汉语面貌上扮演了什么样的角色?这本书似乎就是试图打破那种“自上而下”的语言研究模式,而是从这些“非主流”的区域和视角出发,去理解汉语的复杂性和多样性。我很好奇作者是如何界定“边缘”的,是因为地理位置、政治地位,还是语言本身的“纯粹性”?这本书会不会提供一些具体的案例研究,比如分析台湾某个特定地区(例如花莲、台东,或者離島)的语言现象,来论证他的观点?我希望它能像一个显微镜,让我们看到那些被宏大叙事所遮蔽的微观语言变迁,以及这些变迁背后深层的文化逻辑。

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这本书的书名《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》光是看就让人眼睛一亮,尤其对我们这些在台湾、身处中华文化圈边缘,却又深受其影响的人来说,这个题目直击核心。我一直很好奇,为什么台湾的语言,无论是国语还是各种闽南语、客家语,总会带着一种微妙的腔调和词汇,即使是大陆来的朋友,有时也会觉得有点“不一样”。这本书似乎就是探讨这种“不一样”的根源,它不是那种宏大的、学院派的中国语言学研究,而是从一个更“ periferia”(边缘)的角度切入,这让我非常期待。我猜想,作者可能深入分析了历史上不同族群的迁徙、融合,以及与原住民、西方文化的交会,这些都不可避免地渗透进了语言的肌理。或许书中会有关于台湾本土词汇的起源考证,那些我们日常挂在嘴边的、从日语、西班牙语、荷兰语甚至原住民语言里借来的词,到底是如何在汉语的土壤里生根发芽,并形成独特的表达方式的。这本书的出现,不仅是对中国语言学研究的补充,更可能是一种对我们自身语言认同的重新审视。它也许能解答我一直以来心中的一些疑惑,比如为什么我们说“摩托车”而不是“摩的”,为什么有些形容词的用法和大陆略有出入。总而言之,这个书名就已经足够吸引我,让我迫不及待想翻开它,看看作者是如何从“边缘”解读“中心”的。

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坦白说,第一次看到《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》这个书名,我脑子里闪过的第一个念头就是:“这好像是在讲我们台湾的语言状况嘛!”当然,我知道作者的原意可能更广阔,但“从边缘视角接近中国语言学”这个概念,对于生长在台湾的我们来说,太有共鸣了。我们自认是中国文化的一份子,但我们的语言,尤其是在日常口语中,总会不自觉地流露出一些“不一样”的东西。是地理隔离?是历史殖民?还是我们独特的生活方式和文化习惯?这些问题,这本书似乎都有触及。我期待它能深入探讨,在汉语这个巨大的母体中,那些“边缘”的语言和文化,是如何悄悄地改变着母体的肌理,又是如何反过来被母体塑造的。会不会有关于语音、词汇、语法上的对比分析?比如,我们常说的“打拼”、“欧巴桑”、“便当”,这些词汇的来源和传播路径,会不会在书中得到详尽的解释?这本书的价值,我认为不仅仅在于它对中国语言学理论的贡献,更在于它能帮助我们台湾人更清晰地认识自己的语言,更深刻地理解我们身份认同的多层次性。它就像一面镜子,照出我们语言的独特性,也照出我们文化演变的轨迹。

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读到《A Study of Cultural Interaction and Linguistic Contact: Approaching Chinese Linguistics from the Periphery》这个书名,我脑海中浮现的,与其说是一本学术专著,不如说是一场跨越时空的对话。对我而言,台湾的语言本身就是一个充满魅力的“边缘”案例。我们继承了中华文化的精髓,但同时又在历史上经历了复杂的殖民时期,接触了不同的文化和语言。因此,我们现在的汉语,无论是发音、词汇还是表达习惯,都或多或少地带有了独特的印记。这本书的题目,恰恰触及了这一点——从“边缘”来审视“中心”,这是一种非常新颖的研究视角。我希望作者能够深入剖析,这种“边缘”视角如何能够揭示出中国语言学研究中被忽视的面向。是否会探讨不同移民群体带来的语言融合?比如,早期移民带来的闽南语、客家语,以及后来的国语,它们之间是如何互动、演变,最终形成我们现在所听到的台湾腔?书中有没有关于具体语言现象的分析,比如某些词汇的“台湾化”过程,或者某些语法结构的“本土化”倾向?这本书的意义,或许在于它能帮助我们打破对语言的单一认知,理解语言的生命力在于其不断的互动和变迁,而“边缘”地带,往往是这些变迁最活跃的温床。

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