具体描述
全书共 345 条现代汉语实用语法点
适合不同阶段的中文学习者
华语教学界泰斗──邓守信教授毕生之研究精华与实践
华语教学权威──国立台湾师范大学国语教学中心策划
从功能语法诠释，帮助学习者了解何时使用与使用的情境，
并介绍这些结构，包含肯定、否定、疑问等形式
提醒学习者各语法点使用时应注意的地方
有效整理、比较所有重要语法点，釐清语法观念
适合不同阶段的中文学习者
华语教学界泰斗──邓守信教授毕生之研究精华与实践
华语教学权威──国立台湾师范大学国语教学中心策划
从功能语法诠释，帮助学习者了解何时使用与使用的情境，
并介绍这些结构，包含肯定、否定、疑问等形式
提醒学习者各语法点使用时应注意的地方
有效整理、比较所有重要语法点，釐清语法观念
Features:
345 entries of modern Chinese grammar, arranged alphabetically by Hanyu Pinyin.
Designed specifically for Chinese language learners of all levels.
Grammatical entries include three subsections: Function, Structure and Usage.
(1) The Function section answers the questions ‘What is the purpose of this grammar item?’ and ‘How do native speakers use it?’
(2) The Structure section explains grammar points, including descriptions of negative and interrogative structures, so that learners can become skilled at making sentences using negative structures and asking questions.
(3) A Usage section is provided when applicable to compare and contrast structures found in the Chinese and English languages.
This reference guide can give learners a clear understanding of grammar points and help them master Chinese.
Excellent companion to any Chinese learning textbook.
本书特色
语法点由 A~Z 编排，方便查找搜寻
语法点范围涵盖基础（Basic）到高阶（Advanced）程度
全书中文例句或汉字均附有汉语拼音及英文翻译
每个语法点详列：功能、结构、用法，完整介绍该语法
每个语法点提供多个典型例句，帮助理解使用的情境
能使学习者快速理解语法形式及结构，了解怎么用、什么时候用，以及用在什么地方
华语教师、中文学习者必备的工具书
可搭配任何中文学习教材参考使用
好的，这是一份关于一本名为《古籍修复技艺探微》的图书的详细简介，这份简介力求内容详实，风格自然，避免任何可能暴露其为AI生成痕迹的表述。 --- 《古籍修复技艺探微》图书简介 内容提要 《古籍修复技艺探微》是一部深入探讨中国传统古籍保护与修复技艺的综合性专著。本书不仅系统梳理了历代文献保护思想的演变，更以详实的图文并茂的方式，详细解析了修复过程中涉及的材料学、工艺流程、工具使用以及不同古籍载体（如纸质、绢本、碑帖等）的具体处理方法。本书旨在为古籍修复领域的从业者、历史文献保护研究者以及对传统工艺抱有浓厚兴趣的读者，提供一个全面、深入且具有高度实践参考价值的知识平台。 第一章：中国古籍保护思想的千年流变 本章追溯了中国古代对书籍保护观念的起源与发展。从殷商甲骨、秦汉竹简的物质形态开始，探讨了魏晋南北朝时期佛教经典大规模抄写带来的保存挑战。重点分析了宋代以来藏书楼的建立及其防火、防虫措施的演变。例如，对宋代以来“藏经阁”的建筑结构与温湿度控制原理的考证，揭示了古人朴素的生态学智慧。同时，本书也对比了宫廷、寺院、私家藏书在保护策略上的异同，特别是对清代以来“校勘”与“修补”在文献传承中的双重作用进行了深入剖析。本章强调，修复并非单纯的技术操作，而是与文献学、目录学紧密相连的文化行为。 第二章：修复材料的本源与科学 古籍修复的灵魂在于材料的“合乎古法”。本章聚焦于修复过程中所使用的所有辅助材料的制备与选择。 2.1 传统手工纸的甄选与仿制： 详细介绍了桑皮纸、楮皮纸、麻纸以及宣纸在不同朝代的特征。内容涵盖了植物纤维的浸泡、蒸煮、打浆、抄造的传统工艺流程，并配有图解说明如何通过手感、纹理和透光度来判断纸张的年代与品质。对于现代修复中常用的“补笺纸”的选择标准，本书提出了基于纤维素稳定性的科学考量。 2.2 粘合剂的古方解析： 深入剖析了动物胶（如皮胶、鱼鳔胶）和植物胶（如麦芽糊、淀粉胶）的熬制技术。书中不仅记录了传统配方比例，还探讨了不同胶液的拉伸性、返潮性与持久性，并对比了不同批次制作的胶液在酸碱度（pH值）上的细微差异对古籍纤维的影响。 2.3 染色与着色技术： 探讨了如何利用天然矿物、植物提取物对新纸进行“做旧”处理，使其与残损古籍的颜色完美融合，同时保证其化学稳定性。 第三章：基础修复技艺的精工细作 本章是全书的核心技术部分，以步骤分解的形式，详述了修复工作的基本功训练。 3.1 破损处理与分层剥离： 详述了如何使用锋利的工具（如竹片刀、专用手术刀）进行残损边缘的精细修整，以确保拼接后的平整度。对于多层粘连的书页，详细介绍了“湿贴法”与“干剥法”的适用场景及操作要点，强调在浸润过程中对墨色的保护措施。 3.2 渍损与霉斑的防治： 介绍了针对不同类型污渍（如油渍、水渍、蜡渍）的渗透性处理方法。特别辟出专节讨论了霉菌的预防与清除，强调在不损伤纸张纤维的前提下，采用何种无水或低水份的方法进行“除菌”。 3.3 裁边与齐口： 修复的收尾环节至关重要。本书详尽展示了如何运用特制的“齐口尺”和“裁刀”，确保修复后的书页边缘平顺、线条流畅，达到“不露痕迹”的审美高度。 第四章：特殊载体的保护与修复 古籍形制多样，每种载体都有其独特的脆弱性。 4.1 碑帖与拓片的保护： 针对拓片易碎、易卷曲的特点，本书介绍了如何使用“衬纸”进行背衬加固，以及如何应对拓片上常见的“虫蛀孔洞”和“水渍扩散”。对于砑光处理（使拓片表面光亮平整的工艺），给出了详细的操作流程。 4.2 绢本与锦缎书衣的修复： 绢本的修复难度极高，因其纤维柔软易变形。本章着重阐述了在专用工作台上利用张力架对绢本进行“绷平”处理的技巧，以及如何使用极细的丝线和特制胶进行“抢救性”的织物纤维接合。 4.3 册页、经折装的复原： 探讨了如何恢复书籍原本的装帧形制。例如，对于散乱的经折装书籍，如何精准地重新制作折痕，以及如何修复破损的书脊与封面锦绫。 第五章：古籍修复的现代视野与伦理 本书最后一部分超越了纯粹的技术层面，探讨了修复工作的哲学思考。在现代科技介入的背景下，如何平衡“修旧如旧”的传统理念与“可逆性”的现代保护原则。详细讨论了数字化存档在修复决策中的作用，并提出了修复记录的规范化要求，确保每一项操作都有据可查，真正做到对历史文献负责。 本书特点 本书汇集了多位资深修复专家的实践经验，结合了近现代文献保护机构的先进理念。全书配有数百幅高清实物照片和工序示意图，力求将复杂的传统工艺清晰地展现在读者面前。它不仅仅是一本技术手册，更是一部承载着中华民族对书籍敬畏之心的文化遗产记录。 ---
著者信息
编着者简介
邓守信Shou-hsin Teng, PhD
Professor of Chinese Linguistics
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass, USA (retired)
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (retired)
Maa Fa Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Dept. of Chinese as a Second Language, Chungyuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan (current)
策划者／国立台湾师范大学国语教学中心The Mandarin Training Center (MTC) at NTNU
国立台湾师范大学国语教学中心成立于 1956 年，隶属于国立台湾师范大学，是台湾历史最悠久、规模最完备、教学最有成效的华语文教学机构。学员来自全世界各地，许多汉学界知名学者及政经界名人都曾在此就读，在国际间享誉盛名。
The Mandarin Training Center (MTC) is founded in 1956. The MTC, a subsidiary of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), is the largest and oldest institution dedicated to teaching Chinese as a second language in Taiwan. The center has well-equipped facilities and is internationally renowned for its high teaching quality. MTC’s students come from all over the world, and many renowned sinology scholars and important figures in the politics and financial are its alumni.
邓守信Shou-hsin Teng, PhD
Professor of Chinese Linguistics
University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Mass, USA (retired)
National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan (retired)
Maa Fa Luang University, Chiang Rai, Thailand
Dept. of Chinese as a Second Language, Chungyuan Christian University, Chungli, Taiwan (current)
策划者／国立台湾师范大学国语教学中心The Mandarin Training Center (MTC) at NTNU
国立台湾师范大学国语教学中心成立于 1956 年，隶属于国立台湾师范大学，是台湾历史最悠久、规模最完备、教学最有成效的华语文教学机构。学员来自全世界各地，许多汉学界知名学者及政经界名人都曾在此就读，在国际间享誉盛名。
The Mandarin Training Center (MTC) is founded in 1956. The MTC, a subsidiary of National Taiwan Normal University (NTNU), is the largest and oldest institution dedicated to teaching Chinese as a second language in Taiwan. The center has well-equipped facilities and is internationally renowned for its high teaching quality. MTC’s students come from all over the world, and many renowned sinology scholars and important figures in the politics and financial are its alumni.
图书目录
A
A-not-A Questions
Answering Questions in Chinese
按照, ànzhào, (Prep), in accordance with
B
吧, ba, (Ptc), Making Suggestions
把, bǎ, (Ptc), To Dispose of Something (1)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), Moving an Object to a Location (2)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), with V1V2V3 (3)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), V (一) V, Disposal with Verb Reduplication (4)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), with Resultative Complements (5)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), Unintentional Event (6)
把 A 当做 B, (bǎ A dàngzuò B), to treat or take A as B (7)
白, bái, (Adv), in vain, all for nothing
帮, bāng, (Prep), on behalf of
被, bèi, (Ptc), A Passive Marker (See 受 shòu entry also)
比, bǐ, (Prep), Comparison (1)
比, bǐ, (Prep), Intensifying a State with 一 M 比 一 M, more and more X, more X than the last (2)
比较, bǐjiào, (Adv), Implicit Comparison (3)
比起来, bǐqǐlái, Comparison (4)
毕竟, bìjìng, (Adv), after all, to Urge Concession
别的, biéde, other
别再⋯了,bié zài…le, stop doing it
并, bìng, (Adv), 并 + Negation, Contrary to Expectation
不, bù, vs. 没, méi, Negation (1)
不, bù, Negative Potential Complement (2)
-部-bù, or -边-biān, Locative Markers
不但 A，还 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, hái (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
不但 A，而且 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, érqiě (Conj) B), not only A but also B
不到, búdào, less than
不得不, bùdébù, have no choice but to…
不管 A 都 B, (bùguǎn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B), regardless of whether or not
不见得, bújiàndé, (Adv), not necessarily
不禁, bùjīn, (Adv), uncontrollably, cannot help but…
不如, bùrú, (Vst), not as good as
不是, búshì, Negation
不是 A 就是 B, (bú shì A jiù shì B), if it’s not A, then it’s B
不是 A，而是 B, (bú shì A, ér shì B), not A ; rather B
不说, bùshuō , in S1 不说，S2 也yě, not merely, but also (complaining)
不太, bútài, not very
不停, bù tíng, as in Verb + 个不停, keep on
不再⋯了, (bú zài…le), not…any more
不只, bùzhǐ, (Adv), not merely, exceeding
不至于, bùzhìyú, (Adv), but the situation would not be so bad as to…
C
才, cái, (Adv), merely, only (1)
才, cái, (Adv), longer/later than expected (2)
才, cái, (Adv), then and only then (3)
才, cái, (Adv), to outrightly deny (4)
才 A 就 B, (cái A jiù B), only just A, and B already (5)
曾经, céngjīng, (Adv), experience in the past, V’ed before
差不多, chàbùduō, (Vs, Adv), In Various Functions
差一点（就）, chàyīdiǎn (jiù), (Adv), almost
趁, chèn, (Prep), seize the moment
成, chéng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to become, to turn into (1)
成, chéng, (Ptc), As a verb complement, successful(ly) (2)
成语, chéngyǔ, 四字格, Four-Character Phrases
出, chū, (Ptc), Verb Particle, to have emerged
出来, chūlái, as Verb Complement, to figure out
除了 A，还 B, (chúle (Prep) A , hái (Adv) B), in addition to
Complement of Intensification in Comparison Structures (1)
Complements, 极了jíle, 得不得了de bùdéliǎo, 得很de hěn, terribly, extremely (2)
从 A 到 B, (cóng (Prep) A dào (Prep) B), from A to B
从 A 往 B, (cóng (Prep) A wǎng (Prep) B), go A from B
从⋯起, (cóng (Prep)…qǐ (Ptc)), starting from…
从来, cónglái, (Adv), 从来 + Negation, never
D
当⋯的时候, (dāng…de shíhòu), when, while, at the time of
到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker (1)
到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker for Movement Verbs (2)
到, dào, (Prep), Post-verbal Preposition, up to, till (3)
到, dào, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be successful in… (4)
到底, dàodǐ, (Adv), after all? how on earth…?
倒是, dàoshì, (Adv), on the other hand
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker (1)
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, used in comparing the results of actions (2)
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, so…that… (3)
得, de, (Ptc), Positive Potential Complement Marker (4) (See 不(2))
的, de, (Ptc), Possessive Marker (1)
的, de, (Ptc), Modifier Marker (2)
的, de, (Ptc), with the Head Noun Omitted (3)
的, de, (Ptc), to Mark Assurance, co-occuring often with会huì (Vaux) (4)
的话, de huà, if, supposing
的时候, de shíhòu, when, at the time of
等, děng, (Ptc), enumeration particle, etc…
等 A 就 B,(děng A jiù B), when A comes, then B
的确, díquè, (Adv), indeed
掉, diào, (Ptc), Verb Particle, separated from
Directional Constructions V1V2 and V1V2V3
Disposal Construction (See 把bǎ,1-7)
懂, dǒng, (Vs, Vp), Complement Indicating Cognitive Ability as a Result
动, dòng, (Vp), used as a verb complement, capable of causing movement
动不动就, dòngbùdòng jiù, whenever one pleases to do something impetuously
都, dōu, (Adv), totality, all (1)
都, dōu, (Adv), expressing displeasure, annoyance or surprise (2)
对, duì , (Prep), towards
对 A 有B, (duì (Prep) A yǒu (Vs) B), to be B in A
对⋯来说, (duì (Prep)…lái shuō), as far as...is concerned, for
对⋯讲究, (duì (Prep) …jiǎngjiù (Vst)), to be discerning, discriminating, particular about
对于, duìyú, (Prep, Ptc), towards, regarding (1)
对于⋯而言, (duìyú (Prep)…ér yán), as far as… is concerned (2)
多, duō, (Vs), more than, over, and some (1)
多, duō, (Adv), as in 多+Verb, more… than planned (2)
多, duō, (Adv), intensifying, how…! (3)
多少, duōshǎo, (Adv), likely, at least
E
而且, érqiě, (Conj), furthermore
Existential Sentence with Posture Verbs (1)
Existential Sentence with有yǒu (2)
F
反而, fǎn’ér, (Adv), on the contrary
反正, fǎnzhèng, (Adv), at any rate, anyway
方面, fāngmiàn, (N), as in 在⋯方面, with respect to; regarding
非⋯不可, (fēi…bùkě), it is imperative that
否则, fǒuzé, (Conj), otherwise
Four-Character Phrases (See 成语chéngyǔ,)
G
V 个够, V ge gòu, to have a full dosage of an activity
各 V 各的, (gè V gè de), each doing her/his own…
给, gěi, (Prep), Various Meanings (1)
给, gěi, (Prep), Indirect Object Marker (2)
给⋯带来, (gěi (Prep)…dàilái), to bring…to (3)
跟, gēn, (Prep), Companionship (1)
跟, gēn, (Prep), Various Meanings of the Preposition (2)
跟⋯一样, (gēn (Prep)…yíyàng), Comparison
跟 B 有关的 A, (gēn (Prep) B yǒuguān de A), A that relates to B, A that concern B
根本, gēnběn, (Adv), not…at all, absolutely not
更, gèng, (Adv), Intensification in Comparison, even more so
更别说 B 了, (gèng bié shuō B le), let alone, never mind
惯, guàn, (Ptc), indicating ‘getting used to a routine’
光 A 就 B, (guāng (Adv) A jiù (Adv) B), just A alone…
关于, guānyú, (Vs, Ptc), about, regarding
过, guò, (Ptc), Experience Aspect (1)
过, guò, (Ptc), Phase Aspect Marker, Completion of Action (2)
H
还, hái, (Adv), still (unchanged, incomplete) (1)
还, hái, (Adv), to my surprise (2)
还是 A 吧, (háishì (Adv) A ba (Ptc)), it will be better if A, it would be best if A
好, hǎo, as in 好+Verb, nice to, easy to (1)
好, hǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, all set and ready (2)
好不容易, hǎobù róngyì , (idiom), only after a tremendous amount of...
何必, hébì, (Adv), why must
何况, hékuàng, (Adv), let alone, no need to mention
很, hěn, (Adv), Intensification Marker
恨不得, hènbùdé, one really wishes one could…
后来, hòulái, (Adv), next in sequence
会, huì, (Vaux), aquired skills, can, able to (1)
会, huì, (Vaux), likelihood (2)
会, huì, (Vaux), as Verb Complement (3)
J
既 A 又 B, (jì (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
既然 A 就 B, (jìrán (Conj) A jiù (Adv) B), Concession, since A then B
见, jiàn, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, perceived
渐渐, jiànjiàn, (Adv), gradually, slowly
简直, jiǎnzhí, (Adv), to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if
叫, jiào, (V), Imperative Verb
结果, jiéguǒ, (Adv), consequently, (Conj), in the end
几乎, jīhū, (Adv), almost
经过, jīngguò, (Prep), after
竟然, jìngrán, (Adv), to the speaker’s great surprise, unbelievably
就, jiù, (Adv), sooner than expected (1)
就, jiù, (Adv), in V了A 就 B ,(V le A jiù B), do B right after doing A (2)
就, jiù, (Adv), on the contrary (3)
就算 S1，也 S2, (jiùsuàn S1, yě S2), even if S1, would S2, no matter how
就要⋯了, (jiù yào… le), will soon
究竟, jiùjìng, (Adv), I wonder
居然, jūrán, (Adv), to one’s surprise
K
看, kàn, (V), as in V V 看, to try and see, to try out (1)
看, kàn, (V), depend on (2)
靠, kào, (V / Prep), to rely on, by means of
可, kě, (Adv), but on the other hand, stating a mild warning
可见, kějiàn, (Conj), it can thus be concluded that…
可以, kěyǐ, (Vaux), Permission (1)
可以, kěyǐ, (Vaux), Possibility (2)
恐怕, kǒngpà, (Adv), probably, I’m afraid that
快一点, kuài yìdiǎn, hurry up
L
来, lái, (V), as in 来 + VP, to come to do something (1)
来, lái, as a verb complement, to get along well, to be able to relate to each other well (2)
了1, le, (Ptc), Completed Action (1)
了1 , le, (Ptc), Followed by Time-Duration (2)
了2, le, (Ptc), Change in Situation (3)
了2 , (Ptc), in 快⋯了, kuài…le, about to (4)
了1⋯了2, (le (Ptc)… le (Ptc)), Completion-to-date (5)
离, lí, (Prep), distance from
离合词, líhécí, Separable Verbs
连 A 都 B, (lián (Prep) A dōu (Adv) B), even
了, liǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, capability
另外的, lìngwài de, another (See 别的biéde)
乱, luàn, (Adv), as in 乱＋Verb, to do somethng in an irresponsible manner risking undersirable consequences
M
吗, ma, (Ptc), Asking Questions (1)
吗, ma, (Ptc), Confrontational (2)
嘛, ma, (Ptc), isn’t it obvious that
满, mǎn, (Vs), as Verb Complement, crowded with (1)
满, mǎn, (Vpt), to reach a ceiling (2)
Measures, (nominal), Units for Counting Nouns in Chinese (1)
Measures, (verbal), 下 xià, 趟 tàng, 遍biàn, and 次cì (2)
Measure 一M一M as Manner, one at a time
没有, méi yǒu, as used in Inferior Comparison
每, měi, (Det), each and every (1)
每, měi, (Det), as in 每+Time Expression, Frequency (2)
免得, miǎnde, (Adv), lest, so as to avoid
明明, míngmíng, (Adv), it should be obvious to everyone that…
Multiple Verb Phrases
N
拿⋯来说, (ná (Prep)…lái shuō), take…as an example
哪里, nǎlǐ, (Adv), rhetorical question
难, nán, as in 难 + Verb, Special Meanings (See 好 (1))
难道, nándào, (Adv), how could it possibly be true
难得, nándé, (Adv), rarely
难怪, nánguài, (Adv), no wonder
难免, nánmiǎn, (Adv), inevitably, it is only natural that
难以, nányǐ, (Vaux), to find it difficult to…
呢, ne, (Ptc), Contrastive tag Questions
能1, néng, (Vaux), Capability (1)
能2, néng, (Vaux), Permission (2)
能3, néng, (Vaux), Possibility (3)
宁可 A 也要 B, (níngkě (Adv) A, yě (Adv) yào (Vaux) B), would rather A , in order to B
弄, nòng, (V), General Pro-Verb (1)
弄, nòng, (V), General Causative Verb (2)
O
Omission of Nouns at 2nd Mention
P
偏偏, piānpiān, (Adv), contrary to expectation, deliberately, annoyingly
Pronouns Interrogative to Refer to All-inclusion or All-exclusion (1)
Pronouns Interrogative in Non-committal Stance (2)
Q
起, qǐ, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be able to afford (1)
起, qǐ, (Ptc), as Verb Particle, to touch upon (2)
起来, qǐlái, as Verb Complement, assessment of situations (1)
起来, qǐlái, as Verb Complement in 想起来xiǎngqǐlái, to have remembered (2)
起来, qǐlái, as Verb Complement, with inchoative meaning (3)
其他的, qítā de, the others (See 别的biéde)
去, qù, (Vi), as in 去+VP, to go do something
却, què, (Adv), however
R
让, ràng, (V), to let someone do something
然后, ránhòu, (Adv), next in sequence (See 后来hòulái)
Reduplication of Verbs, to indicate softened action (1).
Reduplication of State Verbs for Intensification (2)
Reduplication of Disyllabic State Verbs (3)
Reduplication of Disyllabic Verbs for Tentative Action (4)
Reduplication of Verbs in V了V (5)
Relatve Clause A 的 B, Clause as Modifier of Noun
仍然, réngrán, (Adv), still the same, same as before
Repetition of Verbs, as in V 来 V 去, (V lái V qù) , repetitively, back and forth
S
Separable Verbs (See 离合词líhécí,)
似乎, sìhū, (Adv), it seems that, it gives somebody the impression that
所, suǒ, (Ptc), Verb Marker
上, shàng, (V), Various Meanings of the Verb (1)
上, shàng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, coming into contact (2)
上, shàng, (Ptc), as in 在 NP 上, regarding NP (3)
少, shǎo, (Adv), as in 少+Verb, less… than planned (See 多(2))
谁知道, sheí zhīdào, who would have thought that…?
什么都⋯，就是⋯, (shénme dōu…, jiùshì…), everything but…
甚至, shènzhì, (Adv), even
是, shì, (Ptc), it is indeed true that
是⋯的, shì…de, to Focus, it was A that B
是不是, shìbúshì, is it the case that…?
使得, shǐde, (Vst), expressing causation, so as to make
受, shòu, (Vst), a Passive Marker (see also 被bèi entry)
受到⋯影响, (shòudào…yǐngxiǎng), to be influenced by, affected by
说, shuō, (V), speak, vs. 谈, tán, (V), talk
说到, shuōdào, talking of
说 A 就 A, (shuō A jiù A), happening instantly without prior warning
死了, sǐle, A Post-Verbal Intensifier, terribly
四字格, sìzìgé, Four-Character Phrases (See 成语chéngyǔ)
算了, suànle, forget it, drop it
算是, suànshì, (V), can be considered…
随着S1，S2 也, (suízhe (Prep) S1, S2 yě (Adv)), as a consequence of
T
太⋯了, tài (Adv)…le, overly, excessively
谈, tán, (V), talk, vs. 说, shuō, (V), speak (See 说shuō)
谈到, tándào, talking of (See 说到shuōdào)
Time and Place of Events (1)
Time-When vs. Time-Duration (2)
Time-Duration ‘for a period of time’ (3)
Topic in Sentence (1)
Topic as Contrastive (2)
透过, tòuguò, (Prep), by means of
W
完, wán, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, completion of action
万一, wànyī, (Adv), supposing, in the event of something negative
往往, wǎngwǎng, (Adv), usually, tend to
为, wèi, (Prep), Beneficiary Marker, beneficiary of an action
为了, wèile, (Prep), in order to
无论 A 都 B, (wúlùn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B), regardless of what…
无所谓, wúsuǒwèi, (Vs), does not matter
X
下, xià, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, enough space to accommodate
下来, xiàlái, a summary of the various meanings of the verb complement下来
下去, xiàqù, as Verb Complement, to keep on doing something
先 A 再 B, (xiān (Adv) A zài (Adv) B), first A, and then B
向, xiàng, (Prep), to, toward
A 像 B 一样, (A xiàng B yíyàng), A is just like B
像…的+ Noun, (xiàng…de + Noun), such (nouns) as
幸亏, xìngkuī, (Adv), fortunately
Y
要是 A 就 B, (yàoshì A jiù B), Condition and Consequence
以, yǐ, (Prep), classical Chinese, indicating instrument
以后, yǐhòu, (N), in the future, after (Also see 后来hòulái)
以及, yǐjí, (Conj), as well as
以内, yǐnèi, within
一A 就 B, (yì A jiù B), as soon as
一般来说, yìbān láishuō, generally speaking
一边 A 一边 B, (yìbiān A yìbiān B), connecting two simultaneous events, doing A and B at the same time
一点, yìdiǎn, (N), a bit, a little
一点也不 V, (yìdiǎn yě bù V), emphatic negation
一方面 A，一方面 B, (yì fāngmiàn A, yì fāngmiàn B), doing A on the one hand, B on the other
一口气, yìkǒuqì, in one breath, without interruption
一来 A，二来 B, (yìlái A, èrlái B), on the one hand A, and on the other B; firstly A, secondly B
一连, yìlián, (Adv), without interruption, in rapid succession
一下 A，一下 B, (yíxià A, yíxià B), referring to alternating events
一向, yíxiàng, (Adv), all along, has always…
以为, yǐwéi, (Vst), to have wrongly thought that …
因为 A，所以 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A, suǒyǐ (Conj) B), to express cause and effect
因为 A 才 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A cái (Adv) B), only because A, B…; B is true, only since A is like this
因为 NP，S…, (yīnwèi (Prep) NP, S…), because of NP, S…
因为 A 而 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A ér (Adv) B), therefore, consequently
由, yóu, (Prep), Introducing an Agent, an Actor
尤其是, yóuqí shì, especially
有, yǒu, (Vst), to possess, to have, to own (1)
有, yǒu, (Vs), in Existential Sentence, there’s… (2) (See Existential Sentence with 有)
有, yǒu, (Vs), to mark the existence of a subject, there’s someone, there’s something… (3)
有时候 A, 有时候 B, (yǒu shíhòu A, yǒu shíhòu B), sometimes A, and sometimes B
有一点, yǒu yìdiǎn, slightly
有助于, yǒu zhù yú, be conducive to
又A又B, (yòu (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), both A and B
与其 A，不如 B, (yǔqí (Conj) A, bùrú (Conj) B), would rather B than A
于是, yúshì, (Conj), thus, consequently, thereupon
越 A 越 B, (yuè (Adv) A yuè (Adv) B), the more A, the more B
Z
在, zài, (Prep), Locative Marker, at, located at, situated at (1)
在, zài, (Prep), Marking the Location of an Activity (2)
在, zài, (Vs), Progressive, On-going Actions, at Ving, is in the middle of V+ing (3)
在, zài, as Verb Complement, Resultant Location (4)
在⋯方面, (zài...fāngmiàn), with respect to; regarding (See 方面fāngmiàn)
在⋯下, (zài…xià), under the…, due to the…
再 A 也 B, (zài A yě B), no matter how A, still B
再不 A 就 B 了, (zài bù A jiù B le),urgent conditional, if A doesn’t happen now, B is sure to follow
再加上, zài jiāshàng, furthermore
再说, zàishuō, (Conj), besides, moreover
早就⋯了, (zǎo jiù…le), long since…
怎么, zěnme, (Adv), asking how, asking about a manner of doing things, how, in what way
怎么这么, zěnme zhème, why so…?
占, zhàn, (Vst), to constitute
照, zhào, (Adv), deliberately, persist in
这么说, zhème shuō, that being the case, in that case
这下子, zhèxiàzi, that being the case, as a consequence
这样一来, zhèyàng yìlái, that being the case, that way
着, zhe, (Ptc), ongoing, continuative action, in the state of V+ing (1)
着, zhe, (Ptc), used in Manner of an Action (2)
着, zhe, (Ptc), repeated, as in V 着 V 着，就⋯了, (V zhe V zhe, jiù…le), while doing A, B happens (3)
V 着玩, V zhe wán, do something just for fun
只不过⋯(而已), (zhǐ bùguò…(éryǐ)), merely…; nothing more than…
只好, zhǐhǎo, (Adv), concession, could only, have no choice but to
只要 A，就 B, (zhǐyào (Conj) A, jiù (Adv) B), B is true, as long as A is true.
只有 A，才 B, (zhǐyǒu A, cái B), cannot B, unless A
至于, zhìyú, (Ptc), introducing a new topic, as to, as far as… is concerned
中, zhōng, a summary of the various meanings
自, zì, (Prep), from (formal)
自从⋯以后, (zìcóng (Prep)…yǐhòu (N)), ever since...
总是, zǒngshì, (Adv), always, in all cases, without exception
总算, zǒngsuàn, (Adv), finally
走, zǒu, (Ptc), as a Verb Particle, away
索引
A-not-A Questions
Answering Questions in Chinese
按照, ànzhào, (Prep), in accordance with
B
吧, ba, (Ptc), Making Suggestions
把, bǎ, (Ptc), To Dispose of Something (1)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), Moving an Object to a Location (2)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), with V1V2V3 (3)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), V (一) V, Disposal with Verb Reduplication (4)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), with Resultative Complements (5)
把, bǎ, (Ptc), Unintentional Event (6)
把 A 当做 B, (bǎ A dàngzuò B), to treat or take A as B (7)
白, bái, (Adv), in vain, all for nothing
帮, bāng, (Prep), on behalf of
被, bèi, (Ptc), A Passive Marker (See 受 shòu entry also)
比, bǐ, (Prep), Comparison (1)
比, bǐ, (Prep), Intensifying a State with 一 M 比 一 M, more and more X, more X than the last (2)
比较, bǐjiào, (Adv), Implicit Comparison (3)
比起来, bǐqǐlái, Comparison (4)
毕竟, bìjìng, (Adv), after all, to Urge Concession
别的, biéde, other
别再⋯了,bié zài…le, stop doing it
并, bìng, (Adv), 并 + Negation, Contrary to Expectation
不, bù, vs. 没, méi, Negation (1)
不, bù, Negative Potential Complement (2)
-部-bù, or -边-biān, Locative Markers
不但 A，还 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, hái (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
不但 A，而且 B, (búdàn (Conj) A, érqiě (Conj) B), not only A but also B
不到, búdào, less than
不得不, bùdébù, have no choice but to…
不管 A 都 B, (bùguǎn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B), regardless of whether or not
不见得, bújiàndé, (Adv), not necessarily
不禁, bùjīn, (Adv), uncontrollably, cannot help but…
不如, bùrú, (Vst), not as good as
不是, búshì, Negation
不是 A 就是 B, (bú shì A jiù shì B), if it’s not A, then it’s B
不是 A，而是 B, (bú shì A, ér shì B), not A ; rather B
不说, bùshuō , in S1 不说，S2 也yě, not merely, but also (complaining)
不太, bútài, not very
不停, bù tíng, as in Verb + 个不停, keep on
不再⋯了, (bú zài…le), not…any more
不只, bùzhǐ, (Adv), not merely, exceeding
不至于, bùzhìyú, (Adv), but the situation would not be so bad as to…
C
才, cái, (Adv), merely, only (1)
才, cái, (Adv), longer/later than expected (2)
才, cái, (Adv), then and only then (3)
才, cái, (Adv), to outrightly deny (4)
才 A 就 B, (cái A jiù B), only just A, and B already (5)
曾经, céngjīng, (Adv), experience in the past, V’ed before
差不多, chàbùduō, (Vs, Adv), In Various Functions
差一点（就）, chàyīdiǎn (jiù), (Adv), almost
趁, chèn, (Prep), seize the moment
成, chéng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to become, to turn into (1)
成, chéng, (Ptc), As a verb complement, successful(ly) (2)
成语, chéngyǔ, 四字格, Four-Character Phrases
出, chū, (Ptc), Verb Particle, to have emerged
出来, chūlái, as Verb Complement, to figure out
除了 A，还 B, (chúle (Prep) A , hái (Adv) B), in addition to
Complement of Intensification in Comparison Structures (1)
Complements, 极了jíle, 得不得了de bùdéliǎo, 得很de hěn, terribly, extremely (2)
从 A 到 B, (cóng (Prep) A dào (Prep) B), from A to B
从 A 往 B, (cóng (Prep) A wǎng (Prep) B), go A from B
从⋯起, (cóng (Prep)…qǐ (Ptc)), starting from…
从来, cónglái, (Adv), 从来 + Negation, never
D
当⋯的时候, (dāng…de shíhòu), when, while, at the time of
到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker (1)
到, dào, (Prep), Destination Marker for Movement Verbs (2)
到, dào, (Prep), Post-verbal Preposition, up to, till (3)
到, dào, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be successful in… (4)
到底, dàodǐ, (Adv), after all? how on earth…?
倒是, dàoshì, (Adv), on the other hand
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker (1)
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, used in comparing the results of actions (2)
得, de, (Ptc), Complement Marker, so…that… (3)
得, de, (Ptc), Positive Potential Complement Marker (4) (See 不(2))
的, de, (Ptc), Possessive Marker (1)
的, de, (Ptc), Modifier Marker (2)
的, de, (Ptc), with the Head Noun Omitted (3)
的, de, (Ptc), to Mark Assurance, co-occuring often with会huì (Vaux) (4)
的话, de huà, if, supposing
的时候, de shíhòu, when, at the time of
等, děng, (Ptc), enumeration particle, etc…
等 A 就 B,(děng A jiù B), when A comes, then B
的确, díquè, (Adv), indeed
掉, diào, (Ptc), Verb Particle, separated from
Directional Constructions V1V2 and V1V2V3
Disposal Construction (See 把bǎ,1-7)
懂, dǒng, (Vs, Vp), Complement Indicating Cognitive Ability as a Result
动, dòng, (Vp), used as a verb complement, capable of causing movement
动不动就, dòngbùdòng jiù, whenever one pleases to do something impetuously
都, dōu, (Adv), totality, all (1)
都, dōu, (Adv), expressing displeasure, annoyance or surprise (2)
对, duì , (Prep), towards
对 A 有B, (duì (Prep) A yǒu (Vs) B), to be B in A
对⋯来说, (duì (Prep)…lái shuō), as far as...is concerned, for
对⋯讲究, (duì (Prep) …jiǎngjiù (Vst)), to be discerning, discriminating, particular about
对于, duìyú, (Prep, Ptc), towards, regarding (1)
对于⋯而言, (duìyú (Prep)…ér yán), as far as… is concerned (2)
多, duō, (Vs), more than, over, and some (1)
多, duō, (Adv), as in 多+Verb, more… than planned (2)
多, duō, (Adv), intensifying, how…! (3)
多少, duōshǎo, (Adv), likely, at least
E
而且, érqiě, (Conj), furthermore
Existential Sentence with Posture Verbs (1)
Existential Sentence with有yǒu (2)
F
反而, fǎn’ér, (Adv), on the contrary
反正, fǎnzhèng, (Adv), at any rate, anyway
方面, fāngmiàn, (N), as in 在⋯方面, with respect to; regarding
非⋯不可, (fēi…bùkě), it is imperative that
否则, fǒuzé, (Conj), otherwise
Four-Character Phrases (See 成语chéngyǔ,)
G
V 个够, V ge gòu, to have a full dosage of an activity
各 V 各的, (gè V gè de), each doing her/his own…
给, gěi, (Prep), Various Meanings (1)
给, gěi, (Prep), Indirect Object Marker (2)
给⋯带来, (gěi (Prep)…dàilái), to bring…to (3)
跟, gēn, (Prep), Companionship (1)
跟, gēn, (Prep), Various Meanings of the Preposition (2)
跟⋯一样, (gēn (Prep)…yíyàng), Comparison
跟 B 有关的 A, (gēn (Prep) B yǒuguān de A), A that relates to B, A that concern B
根本, gēnběn, (Adv), not…at all, absolutely not
更, gèng, (Adv), Intensification in Comparison, even more so
更别说 B 了, (gèng bié shuō B le), let alone, never mind
惯, guàn, (Ptc), indicating ‘getting used to a routine’
光 A 就 B, (guāng (Adv) A jiù (Adv) B), just A alone…
关于, guānyú, (Vs, Ptc), about, regarding
过, guò, (Ptc), Experience Aspect (1)
过, guò, (Ptc), Phase Aspect Marker, Completion of Action (2)
H
还, hái, (Adv), still (unchanged, incomplete) (1)
还, hái, (Adv), to my surprise (2)
还是 A 吧, (háishì (Adv) A ba (Ptc)), it will be better if A, it would be best if A
好, hǎo, as in 好+Verb, nice to, easy to (1)
好, hǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, all set and ready (2)
好不容易, hǎobù róngyì , (idiom), only after a tremendous amount of...
何必, hébì, (Adv), why must
何况, hékuàng, (Adv), let alone, no need to mention
很, hěn, (Adv), Intensification Marker
恨不得, hènbùdé, one really wishes one could…
后来, hòulái, (Adv), next in sequence
会, huì, (Vaux), aquired skills, can, able to (1)
会, huì, (Vaux), likelihood (2)
会, huì, (Vaux), as Verb Complement (3)
J
既 A 又 B, (jì (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), not only A, but also B
既然 A 就 B, (jìrán (Conj) A jiù (Adv) B), Concession, since A then B
见, jiàn, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, perceived
渐渐, jiànjiàn, (Adv), gradually, slowly
简直, jiǎnzhí, (Adv), to put it simply and plainly, it seems as if
叫, jiào, (V), Imperative Verb
结果, jiéguǒ, (Adv), consequently, (Conj), in the end
几乎, jīhū, (Adv), almost
经过, jīngguò, (Prep), after
竟然, jìngrán, (Adv), to the speaker’s great surprise, unbelievably
就, jiù, (Adv), sooner than expected (1)
就, jiù, (Adv), in V了A 就 B ,(V le A jiù B), do B right after doing A (2)
就, jiù, (Adv), on the contrary (3)
就算 S1，也 S2, (jiùsuàn S1, yě S2), even if S1, would S2, no matter how
就要⋯了, (jiù yào… le), will soon
究竟, jiùjìng, (Adv), I wonder
居然, jūrán, (Adv), to one’s surprise
K
看, kàn, (V), as in V V 看, to try and see, to try out (1)
看, kàn, (V), depend on (2)
靠, kào, (V / Prep), to rely on, by means of
可, kě, (Adv), but on the other hand, stating a mild warning
可见, kějiàn, (Conj), it can thus be concluded that…
可以, kěyǐ, (Vaux), Permission (1)
可以, kěyǐ, (Vaux), Possibility (2)
恐怕, kǒngpà, (Adv), probably, I’m afraid that
快一点, kuài yìdiǎn, hurry up
L
来, lái, (V), as in 来 + VP, to come to do something (1)
来, lái, as a verb complement, to get along well, to be able to relate to each other well (2)
了1, le, (Ptc), Completed Action (1)
了1 , le, (Ptc), Followed by Time-Duration (2)
了2, le, (Ptc), Change in Situation (3)
了2 , (Ptc), in 快⋯了, kuài…le, about to (4)
了1⋯了2, (le (Ptc)… le (Ptc)), Completion-to-date (5)
离, lí, (Prep), distance from
离合词, líhécí, Separable Verbs
连 A 都 B, (lián (Prep) A dōu (Adv) B), even
了, liǎo, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, capability
另外的, lìngwài de, another (See 别的biéde)
乱, luàn, (Adv), as in 乱＋Verb, to do somethng in an irresponsible manner risking undersirable consequences
M
吗, ma, (Ptc), Asking Questions (1)
吗, ma, (Ptc), Confrontational (2)
嘛, ma, (Ptc), isn’t it obvious that
满, mǎn, (Vs), as Verb Complement, crowded with (1)
满, mǎn, (Vpt), to reach a ceiling (2)
Measures, (nominal), Units for Counting Nouns in Chinese (1)
Measures, (verbal), 下 xià, 趟 tàng, 遍biàn, and 次cì (2)
Measure 一M一M as Manner, one at a time
没有, méi yǒu, as used in Inferior Comparison
每, měi, (Det), each and every (1)
每, měi, (Det), as in 每+Time Expression, Frequency (2)
免得, miǎnde, (Adv), lest, so as to avoid
明明, míngmíng, (Adv), it should be obvious to everyone that…
Multiple Verb Phrases
N
拿⋯来说, (ná (Prep)…lái shuō), take…as an example
哪里, nǎlǐ, (Adv), rhetorical question
难, nán, as in 难 + Verb, Special Meanings (See 好 (1))
难道, nándào, (Adv), how could it possibly be true
难得, nándé, (Adv), rarely
难怪, nánguài, (Adv), no wonder
难免, nánmiǎn, (Adv), inevitably, it is only natural that
难以, nányǐ, (Vaux), to find it difficult to…
呢, ne, (Ptc), Contrastive tag Questions
能1, néng, (Vaux), Capability (1)
能2, néng, (Vaux), Permission (2)
能3, néng, (Vaux), Possibility (3)
宁可 A 也要 B, (níngkě (Adv) A, yě (Adv) yào (Vaux) B), would rather A , in order to B
弄, nòng, (V), General Pro-Verb (1)
弄, nòng, (V), General Causative Verb (2)
O
Omission of Nouns at 2nd Mention
P
偏偏, piānpiān, (Adv), contrary to expectation, deliberately, annoyingly
Pronouns Interrogative to Refer to All-inclusion or All-exclusion (1)
Pronouns Interrogative in Non-committal Stance (2)
Q
起, qǐ, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, to be able to afford (1)
起, qǐ, (Ptc), as Verb Particle, to touch upon (2)
起来, qǐlái, as Verb Complement, assessment of situations (1)
起来, qǐlái, as Verb Complement in 想起来xiǎngqǐlái, to have remembered (2)
起来, qǐlái, as Verb Complement, with inchoative meaning (3)
其他的, qítā de, the others (See 别的biéde)
去, qù, (Vi), as in 去+VP, to go do something
却, què, (Adv), however
R
让, ràng, (V), to let someone do something
然后, ránhòu, (Adv), next in sequence (See 后来hòulái)
Reduplication of Verbs, to indicate softened action (1).
Reduplication of State Verbs for Intensification (2)
Reduplication of Disyllabic State Verbs (3)
Reduplication of Disyllabic Verbs for Tentative Action (4)
Reduplication of Verbs in V了V (5)
Relatve Clause A 的 B, Clause as Modifier of Noun
仍然, réngrán, (Adv), still the same, same as before
Repetition of Verbs, as in V 来 V 去, (V lái V qù) , repetitively, back and forth
S
Separable Verbs (See 离合词líhécí,)
似乎, sìhū, (Adv), it seems that, it gives somebody the impression that
所, suǒ, (Ptc), Verb Marker
上, shàng, (V), Various Meanings of the Verb (1)
上, shàng, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, coming into contact (2)
上, shàng, (Ptc), as in 在 NP 上, regarding NP (3)
少, shǎo, (Adv), as in 少+Verb, less… than planned (See 多(2))
谁知道, sheí zhīdào, who would have thought that…?
什么都⋯，就是⋯, (shénme dōu…, jiùshì…), everything but…
甚至, shènzhì, (Adv), even
是, shì, (Ptc), it is indeed true that
是⋯的, shì…de, to Focus, it was A that B
是不是, shìbúshì, is it the case that…?
使得, shǐde, (Vst), expressing causation, so as to make
受, shòu, (Vst), a Passive Marker (see also 被bèi entry)
受到⋯影响, (shòudào…yǐngxiǎng), to be influenced by, affected by
说, shuō, (V), speak, vs. 谈, tán, (V), talk
说到, shuōdào, talking of
说 A 就 A, (shuō A jiù A), happening instantly without prior warning
死了, sǐle, A Post-Verbal Intensifier, terribly
四字格, sìzìgé, Four-Character Phrases (See 成语chéngyǔ)
算了, suànle, forget it, drop it
算是, suànshì, (V), can be considered…
随着S1，S2 也, (suízhe (Prep) S1, S2 yě (Adv)), as a consequence of
T
太⋯了, tài (Adv)…le, overly, excessively
谈, tán, (V), talk, vs. 说, shuō, (V), speak (See 说shuō)
谈到, tándào, talking of (See 说到shuōdào)
Time and Place of Events (1)
Time-When vs. Time-Duration (2)
Time-Duration ‘for a period of time’ (3)
Topic in Sentence (1)
Topic as Contrastive (2)
透过, tòuguò, (Prep), by means of
W
完, wán, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, completion of action
万一, wànyī, (Adv), supposing, in the event of something negative
往往, wǎngwǎng, (Adv), usually, tend to
为, wèi, (Prep), Beneficiary Marker, beneficiary of an action
为了, wèile, (Prep), in order to
无论 A 都 B, (wúlùn (Conj) A dōu (Adv) B), regardless of what…
无所谓, wúsuǒwèi, (Vs), does not matter
X
下, xià, (Ptc), as Verb Complement, enough space to accommodate
下来, xiàlái, a summary of the various meanings of the verb complement下来
下去, xiàqù, as Verb Complement, to keep on doing something
先 A 再 B, (xiān (Adv) A zài (Adv) B), first A, and then B
向, xiàng, (Prep), to, toward
A 像 B 一样, (A xiàng B yíyàng), A is just like B
像…的+ Noun, (xiàng…de + Noun), such (nouns) as
幸亏, xìngkuī, (Adv), fortunately
Y
要是 A 就 B, (yàoshì A jiù B), Condition and Consequence
以, yǐ, (Prep), classical Chinese, indicating instrument
以后, yǐhòu, (N), in the future, after (Also see 后来hòulái)
以及, yǐjí, (Conj), as well as
以内, yǐnèi, within
一A 就 B, (yì A jiù B), as soon as
一般来说, yìbān láishuō, generally speaking
一边 A 一边 B, (yìbiān A yìbiān B), connecting two simultaneous events, doing A and B at the same time
一点, yìdiǎn, (N), a bit, a little
一点也不 V, (yìdiǎn yě bù V), emphatic negation
一方面 A，一方面 B, (yì fāngmiàn A, yì fāngmiàn B), doing A on the one hand, B on the other
一口气, yìkǒuqì, in one breath, without interruption
一来 A，二来 B, (yìlái A, èrlái B), on the one hand A, and on the other B; firstly A, secondly B
一连, yìlián, (Adv), without interruption, in rapid succession
一下 A，一下 B, (yíxià A, yíxià B), referring to alternating events
一向, yíxiàng, (Adv), all along, has always…
以为, yǐwéi, (Vst), to have wrongly thought that …
因为 A，所以 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A, suǒyǐ (Conj) B), to express cause and effect
因为 A 才 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A cái (Adv) B), only because A, B…; B is true, only since A is like this
因为 NP，S…, (yīnwèi (Prep) NP, S…), because of NP, S…
因为 A 而 B, (yīnwèi (Conj) A ér (Adv) B), therefore, consequently
由, yóu, (Prep), Introducing an Agent, an Actor
尤其是, yóuqí shì, especially
有, yǒu, (Vst), to possess, to have, to own (1)
有, yǒu, (Vs), in Existential Sentence, there’s… (2) (See Existential Sentence with 有)
有, yǒu, (Vs), to mark the existence of a subject, there’s someone, there’s something… (3)
有时候 A, 有时候 B, (yǒu shíhòu A, yǒu shíhòu B), sometimes A, and sometimes B
有一点, yǒu yìdiǎn, slightly
有助于, yǒu zhù yú, be conducive to
又A又B, (yòu (Adv) A yòu (Adv) B), both A and B
与其 A，不如 B, (yǔqí (Conj) A, bùrú (Conj) B), would rather B than A
于是, yúshì, (Conj), thus, consequently, thereupon
越 A 越 B, (yuè (Adv) A yuè (Adv) B), the more A, the more B
Z
在, zài, (Prep), Locative Marker, at, located at, situated at (1)
在, zài, (Prep), Marking the Location of an Activity (2)
在, zài, (Vs), Progressive, On-going Actions, at Ving, is in the middle of V+ing (3)
在, zài, as Verb Complement, Resultant Location (4)
在⋯方面, (zài...fāngmiàn), with respect to; regarding (See 方面fāngmiàn)
在⋯下, (zài…xià), under the…, due to the…
再 A 也 B, (zài A yě B), no matter how A, still B
再不 A 就 B 了, (zài bù A jiù B le),urgent conditional, if A doesn’t happen now, B is sure to follow
再加上, zài jiāshàng, furthermore
再说, zàishuō, (Conj), besides, moreover
早就⋯了, (zǎo jiù…le), long since…
怎么, zěnme, (Adv), asking how, asking about a manner of doing things, how, in what way
怎么这么, zěnme zhème, why so…?
占, zhàn, (Vst), to constitute
照, zhào, (Adv), deliberately, persist in
这么说, zhème shuō, that being the case, in that case
这下子, zhèxiàzi, that being the case, as a consequence
这样一来, zhèyàng yìlái, that being the case, that way
着, zhe, (Ptc), ongoing, continuative action, in the state of V+ing (1)
着, zhe, (Ptc), used in Manner of an Action (2)
着, zhe, (Ptc), repeated, as in V 着 V 着，就⋯了, (V zhe V zhe, jiù…le), while doing A, B happens (3)
V 着玩, V zhe wán, do something just for fun
只不过⋯(而已), (zhǐ bùguò…(éryǐ)), merely…; nothing more than…
只好, zhǐhǎo, (Adv), concession, could only, have no choice but to
只要 A，就 B, (zhǐyào (Conj) A, jiù (Adv) B), B is true, as long as A is true.
只有 A，才 B, (zhǐyǒu A, cái B), cannot B, unless A
至于, zhìyú, (Ptc), introducing a new topic, as to, as far as… is concerned
中, zhōng, a summary of the various meanings
自, zì, (Prep), from (formal)
自从⋯以后, (zìcóng (Prep)…yǐhòu (N)), ever since...
总是, zǒngshì, (Adv), always, in all cases, without exception
总算, zǒngsuàn, (Adv), finally
走, zǒu, (Ptc), as a Verb Particle, away
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