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　　本书对于跨文化议题有重大意义，内容与实用性跨及经济、心理、文化、社会、政治、宗教学等领域，上述各领域学术研究及实务层面如相关文化政策制定、社会教育、国际非政府组织、特别是跨文化商务交流及人资管理上更有重要参考价值。

　　台湾是一个多元文化并存的所在，在当今全球多元文化转变之下，跨文化沟通技巧已为必备技能，但国人对于此领域的资讯相对贫乏，面对国际社会竞争，跨文化议题不容小觑。

　　本书对于跨文化议题有重大意义，内容与实用性跨及经济、心理、文化、社会、政治、宗教学等领域，上述各领域学术研究及实务层面如相关文化政策制定、社会教育、国际非政府组织、特别是跨文化商务交流及人资管理上更有重要参考价值。

　　个人主义与集体主义对于政治、社会、宗教与经济生活层面的广泛影响。集体主义者为紧密连结的个体，基本上视自我为群体的一部份，而群体可以是家庭、同事网络、部落或是国家，此类人的行为主要受群体规范及责任驱使。个人主义者则受个人偏好、需求和权力驱使，置个人目标于群体之前。

　　本书从哲学、政治学、人类学、社会学与心理学相关文献，印证文化如何形塑我们的思考方式，并引用日本、瑞典、中国大陆、希腊、俄罗斯、美国及其他国家的案例，提出强而有力的论述观点。

　　作者挑战心理学的普世观点，提出证据证明思考与行为如何被文化特定因素影响，我们可以了解个人主义和集体主义的文化型态，以不同眼光观看世界，进而对各国的生活情事有不同诠释，有助于进一步理解犯罪率、离婚率、幸福感，在不同社会中，可以有不同的行为模式。

　　前共产主义国家趋向市场经济的转变，与世界各地集体主义至个人主义的转变大同小异。工会力量的式微，全球性小型企业家的崛起，英国从工党转为保守党，以及许多其他现象皆与这些构念相关。
 

作者简介

哈利．C 泰安迪斯

　　被誉为「跨文化心理学之父」、「主观文化之父」，现为美国伊利诺大学香槟分校心理学系教授。其理论为研究跨文化沟通者的经典必读作品。教授为希腊裔美国人，后移居加拿大攻读学士与硕士，1958年得到美国康乃尔大学社会心理学博士。因其双文化背景及于世界各国研究、讲学经验，对文化差异有深度理解，并且有更细微的观察。1997年退休后，仍然致力于跨文化研究，2009年着作（Fooling Ourselves: Self-Deception in Politics, Religion, and Terrorism）获得美国心理学学会威廉詹姆士奖，其于跨文化领域的崇高地位及对学术的贡献不言而喻。

　　泰安迪斯教授曾授邀至40个国家研究、演讲，研究跨文化心理至今已长达60年。1981年得到美洲心理学学会心理发展学重大贡献奖，2004年更由跨文跨研究学院在台湾颁发终身成就奖。

译者简介

周宛青

　　英国剑桥大学博士及硕士、美国哈佛大学硕士、美国芝加哥大学硕士，现任铭传大学国际事务研究所及国际事务与外交学位学程助理教授。曾任考试院专门职业及技术人员口试委员、考选部题库小组审查委员、铭传大学国际教育交流处副处长、国际认证指导委员会审议委员、大爱电视台「全球视野」节目主持人等职。获得中华民国私立教育事业协会「模范教师」、铭传大学「教学杰出教师」等十余种教学荣誉。于个人主义及集体主义国家求学及打工时期，深深感受到全球化世界了解文化及礼仪差异的重要性，多年来致力于培训政府机构、各大公私营企业及大专院校国际化人才，于各地演讲跨文化沟通及国际礼仪等课程。希望译注此经典着作，能够帮助华文世界跨越文化藩篱，增进文化间了解。


 

译者序···························································································· 07
导读 ······························································································· 10
序言································································································ 22

Chapter 1 导论：两种构念
国家与文化···················································································· 29
案例中的文化················································································ 29
个体差异························································································ 30
社会型态························································································ 31
文化群征、处境与行为································································ 34
我群与他群···················································································· 36
布瑞尔最适区别理论···································································· 37
构念的定义属性············································································ 38
文化撞击························································································ 40
构念的效用···················································································· 41
本书概要························································································ 44
 
Chapter 2 哲学和社会科学中的个人主义与集体主义
学科贡献························································································ 51
社群主义························································································ 73

Chapter 3 个人主义与集体主义的属性
水平和垂直···················································································· 81
个人主义与集体主义之助因························································ 90
严密度与复杂性构成要素···························································· 96
严密度、文化复杂性及个人-集体主义····································· 99
个人主义与集体主义中的个体···················································· 100
影响个人倾向之因素···································································· 102
反映个人主义与集体主义之个人属性········································ 109

Chapter 4 个人主义和集体主义的前因与地理分布
团体生活的优点············································································ 128
由集体主义到个人主义的转变···················································· 129
家庭结构及文化型态···································································· 130
选择数作为个人主义的因素························································ 134
引发个人主义或集体主义的处境················································ 135
一些经典例证················································································ 137
大致发展序列················································································ 150
构念的地理分布············································································ 154

Chapter 5 个人主义与集体主义的影响
个体································································································ 160
人际关系························································································ 164
群际关系························································································ 176
社会制度························································································ 185

Chapter 6 应用：成功共事训练
概要································································································ 207
培训类型························································································ 209
培训效果评量················································································ 213
训练集体主义者与个人主义者彼此互动···································· 216
给个人主义者与集体主义者的建议············································ 222
训练水平与垂直文化者成功共事················································ 227

Chapter 7 个人主义与集体主义评价
与政治的关系················································································ 232
地区差异························································································ 233
未来冲突························································································ 234
普遍论旨························································································ 236
集体主义的利与不利···································································· 238
个人主义的利与不利···································································· 245
综论 ······························································································· 252
给年轻人的建议············································································ 254

附录 个人主义与集体主义测量法
测量层级························································································ 260
测量方法历史概观········································································ 262
其他关于态度的研究···································································· 263
多重方法测量················································································ 265
其他学者研究················································································ 272
构念测量方法················································································ 274
目前最佳测量方法推荐································································ 276
工具一···························································································· 280
工具二···························································································· 289
参考文献························································································ 295
索引································································································ 310

【导　读】
 
作者介绍
 
本书原着作者泰安迪斯教授对跨文化心理学领域有巨大贡献，被誉为「跨文化心理学之父」、「主观文化之父」。其理论为研究跨文化沟通者的经典必读作品。
 
泰安迪斯教授曾受邀至40个国家研究、演讲，至2015年，研究跨文化心理已长达60年，着作等身、得奖无数。1981年得到美洲心理学学会心理发展学重大贡献奖；1982年获聘为国际跨文化心理学学会荣誉院士；1983年是印度杰出傅尔布莱特教授得主；1984年获聘美国科学促进会院士；1992年得到美国心理学学会创立跨文化心理学杰出贡献奖；1994年得到心理及社会议题研究社克蓝伯格奖；1995年再获美国心理学学会颁发国际心理学杰出贡献奖；1996得到美国心理学学会的詹姆斯•麦基恩•卡特尔奖；2002年被美国心理学学会第52部-国际部门认定为年度最佳国际心理学家；2004年更由跨文跨研究学院在台湾颁发终身成就奖；2011年获选纽西兰维多利亚大学跨文化实务研究中心荣誉国际院士；2012年获得人格与社会心理学社事业贡献奖。其与香港大学的许志超博士1985年及1986年于跨文化心理学刊出版的论文，至2016年1月仍为跨文化领域被引述论文量的第三名及第九名1，可见泰安迪斯教授在跨文化领域的重要性。
 
泰安迪斯教授为希腊裔美国人，1926年生于希腊，后移居加拿大攻读学士与硕士，1958年得到美国康乃尔大学社会心理学博士。曾任实验社会心理学协会会长与秘书长;国际跨文化心理学协会会长;社会议题心理学研究协会会长;美洲社会心理学协会会长;国际应用心理学协会会长;美国心理学协会第八与第九部门会长等跨文化心理学学术机构要职。因其双文化背景及于世界各国研究、讲学经验，对文化差异有深度理解，并且有更细微的观察。1997年退休后，仍然致力于跨文化研究，2009年着作（Fooling Ourselves: Self-Deception in Politics, Religion, and Terrorism）获得美国心理学学会威廉詹姆士奖，其于跨文化领域的崇高地位及对学术的贡献不言而喻。

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